Fast compiled graphs¶
This is a Cython implementation of the base class for sparse and dense graphs in Sage. It is not intended for use on its own. Specific graph types should extend this base class and implement missing functionalities. Whenever possible, specific methods should also be overridden with implementations that suit the graph type under consideration.
For an overview of graph data structures in sage, see
overview
.
Data structure¶
The class CGraph
maintains the following variables:
cdef int num_verts
cdef int num_arcs
cdef int *in_degrees
cdef int *out_degrees
cdef bitset_t active_vertices
The bitset active_vertices
is a list of all available vertices for use, but
only the ones which are set are considered to actually be in the graph. The
variables num_verts
and num_arcs
are self-explanatory. Note that
num_verts
is the number of bits set in active_vertices
, not the full
length of the bitset. The arrays in_degrees
and out_degrees
are of the
same length as the bitset.
For more information about active vertices, see the documentation for the
method realloc
.
-
class
sage.graphs.base.c_graph.
CGraph
¶ Bases:
object
Compiled sparse and dense graphs.
-
add_arc
(u, v)¶ Add the given arc to this graph.
INPUT:
u
– integer; the tail of an arc.v
– integer; the head of an arc.
OUTPUT:
- Raise
NotImplementedError
. This method is not implemented at theCGraph
level. A child class should provide a suitable implementation.
EXAMPLE:
sage: from sage.graphs.base.c_graph import CGraph sage: G = CGraph() sage: G.add_arc(0, 1) Traceback (most recent call last): ... NotImplementedError
-
add_vertex
(k=-1)¶ Adds vertex
k
to the graph.INPUT:
k
– nonnegative integer or-1
(default:-1
). If \(k = -1\), a new vertex is added and the integer used is returned. That is, for \(k = -1\), this function will find the first available vertex that is not inself
and add that vertex to this graph.
OUTPUT:
-1
– indicates that no vertex was added because the current allocation is already full or the vertex is out of range.- nonnegative integer – this vertex is now guaranteed to be in the graph.
See also
add_vertex_unsafe
– add a vertex to a graph. This method is potentially unsafe. You should instead useadd_vertex()
.add_vertices
– add a bunch of vertices to a graph.
EXAMPLES:
Adding vertices to a sparse graph:
sage: from sage.graphs.base.sparse_graph import SparseGraph sage: G = SparseGraph(3, extra_vertices=3) sage: G.add_vertex(3) 3 sage: G.add_arc(2, 5) Traceback (most recent call last): ... LookupError: Vertex (5) is not a vertex of the graph. sage: G.add_arc(1, 3) sage: G.has_arc(1, 3) True sage: G.has_arc(2, 3) False
Adding vertices to a dense graph:
sage: from sage.graphs.base.dense_graph import DenseGraph sage: G = DenseGraph(3, extra_vertices=3) sage: G.add_vertex(3) 3 sage: G.add_arc(2,5) Traceback (most recent call last): ... LookupError: Vertex (5) is not a vertex of the graph. sage: G.add_arc(1, 3) sage: G.has_arc(1, 3) True sage: G.has_arc(2, 3) False
Repeatedly adding a vertex using \(k = -1\) will allocate more memory as required:
sage: from sage.graphs.base.sparse_graph import SparseGraph sage: G = SparseGraph(3, extra_vertices=0) sage: G.verts() [0, 1, 2] sage: for i in range(10): ... _ = G.add_vertex(-1); ... sage: G.verts() [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12]
sage: from sage.graphs.base.dense_graph import DenseGraph sage: G = DenseGraph(3, extra_vertices=0) sage: G.verts() [0, 1, 2] sage: for i in range(12): ... _ = G.add_vertex(-1); ... sage: G.verts() [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14]
TESTS:
sage: from sage.graphs.base.sparse_graph import SparseGraph sage: G = SparseGraph(3, extra_vertices=0) sage: G.add_vertex(6) Traceback (most recent call last): ... RuntimeError: Requested vertex is past twice the allocated range: use realloc.
sage: from sage.graphs.base.dense_graph import DenseGraph sage: G = DenseGraph(3, extra_vertices=0) sage: G.add_vertex(6) Traceback (most recent call last): ... RuntimeError: Requested vertex is past twice the allocated range: use realloc.
-
add_vertices
(verts)¶ Adds vertices from the iterable
verts
.INPUT:
verts
– an iterable of vertices. Value -1 has a special meaning – for each such value an unused vertex name is found, used to create a new vertex and returned.
OUTPUT:
List of generated labels if there is any -1 in
verts
. None otherwise.See also
add_vertex()
– add a vertex to a graph.
EXAMPLE:
Adding vertices for sparse graphs:
sage: from sage.graphs.base.sparse_graph import SparseGraph sage: S = SparseGraph(nverts=4, extra_vertices=4) sage: S.verts() [0, 1, 2, 3] sage: S.add_vertices([3,-1,4,9]) [5] sage: S.verts() [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 9] sage: S.realloc(20) sage: S.verts() [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 9]
Adding vertices for dense graphs:
sage: from sage.graphs.base.dense_graph import DenseGraph sage: D = DenseGraph(nverts=4, extra_vertices=4) sage: D.verts() [0, 1, 2, 3] sage: D.add_vertices([3,-1,4,9]) [5] sage: D.verts() [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 9] sage: D.realloc(20) sage: D.verts() [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 9]
-
all_arcs
(u, v)¶ Return the labels of all arcs from
u
tov
.INPUT:
u
– integer; the tail of an arc.v
– integer; the head of an arc.
OUTPUT:
- Raise
NotImplementedError
. This method is not implemented at theCGraph
level. A child class should provide a suitable implementation.
See also
all_arcs
–all_arcs
method for sparse graphs.
EXAMPLE:
sage: from sage.graphs.base.c_graph import CGraph sage: G = CGraph() sage: G.all_arcs(0, 1) Traceback (most recent call last): ... NotImplementedError
-
check_vertex
(n)¶ Checks that
n
is a vertex ofself
.This method is different from
has_vertex()
. The current method raises an error ifn
is not a vertex of this graph. On the other hand,has_vertex()
returns a boolean to signify whether or notn
is a vertex of this graph.INPUT:
n
– a nonnegative integer representing a vertex.
OUTPUT:
- Raise an error if
n
is not a vertex of this graph.
See also
has_vertex()
– determine whether this graph has a specific vertex.
EXAMPLES:
sage: from sage.graphs.base.sparse_graph import SparseGraph sage: S = SparseGraph(nverts=10, expected_degree=3, extra_vertices=10) sage: S.check_vertex(4) sage: S.check_vertex(12) Traceback (most recent call last): ... LookupError: Vertex (12) is not a vertex of the graph. sage: S.check_vertex(24) Traceback (most recent call last): ... LookupError: Vertex (24) is not a vertex of the graph. sage: S.check_vertex(-19) Traceback (most recent call last): ... LookupError: Vertex (-19) is not a vertex of the graph.
sage: from sage.graphs.base.dense_graph import DenseGraph sage: D = DenseGraph(nverts=10, extra_vertices=10) sage: D.check_vertex(4) sage: D.check_vertex(12) Traceback (most recent call last): ... LookupError: Vertex (12) is not a vertex of the graph. sage: D.check_vertex(24) Traceback (most recent call last): ... LookupError: Vertex (24) is not a vertex of the graph. sage: D.check_vertex(-19) Traceback (most recent call last): ... LookupError: Vertex (-19) is not a vertex of the graph.
-
current_allocation
()¶ Report the number of vertices allocated.
INPUT:
- None.
OUTPUT:
- The number of vertices allocated. This number is usually different from the order of a graph. We may have allocated enough memory for a graph to hold \(n > 0\) vertices, but the order (actual number of vertices) of the graph could be less than \(n\).
EXAMPLES:
sage: from sage.graphs.base.sparse_graph import SparseGraph sage: S = SparseGraph(nverts=4, extra_vertices=4) sage: S.current_allocation() 8 sage: S.add_vertex(6) 6 sage: S.current_allocation() 8 sage: S.add_vertex(10) 10 sage: S.current_allocation() 16 sage: S.add_vertex(40) Traceback (most recent call last): ... RuntimeError: Requested vertex is past twice the allocated range: use realloc. sage: S.realloc(50) sage: S.add_vertex(40) 40 sage: S.current_allocation() 50 sage: S.realloc(30) -1 sage: S.current_allocation() 50 sage: S.del_vertex(40) sage: S.realloc(30) sage: S.current_allocation() 30
The actual number of vertices in a graph might be less than the number of vertices allocated for the graph:
sage: from sage.graphs.base.dense_graph import DenseGraph sage: G = DenseGraph(nverts=3, extra_vertices=2) sage: order = len(G.verts()) sage: order 3 sage: G.current_allocation() 5 sage: order < G.current_allocation() True
-
del_all_arcs
(u, v)¶ Delete all arcs from
u
tov
.INPUT:
u
– integer; the tail of an arc.v
– integer; the head of an arc.
OUTPUT:
- Raise
NotImplementedError
. This method is not implemented at theCGraph
level. A child class should provide a suitable implementation.
See also
del_all_arcs
–del_all_arcs
method for sparse graphs.del_all_arcs
–del_all_arcs
method for dense graphs.
EXAMPLE:
sage: from sage.graphs.base.c_graph import CGraph sage: G = CGraph() sage: G.del_all_arcs(0,1) Traceback (most recent call last): ... NotImplementedError
-
del_vertex
(v)¶ Deletes the vertex
v
, along with all edges incident to it. Ifv
is not inself
, fails silently.INPUT:
v
– a nonnegative integer representing a vertex.
OUTPUT:
- None.
See also
del_vertex_unsafe
– delete a vertex from a graph. This method is potentially unsafe. Usedel_vertex()
instead.
EXAMPLES:
Deleting vertices of sparse graphs:
sage: from sage.graphs.base.sparse_graph import SparseGraph sage: G = SparseGraph(3) sage: G.add_arc(0, 1) sage: G.add_arc(0, 2) sage: G.add_arc(1, 2) sage: G.add_arc(2, 0) sage: G.del_vertex(2) sage: for i in range(2): ....: for j in range(2): ....: if G.has_arc(i, j): ....: print("{} {}".format(i,j)) 0 1 sage: G = SparseGraph(3) sage: G.add_arc(0, 1) sage: G.add_arc(0, 2) sage: G.add_arc(1, 2) sage: G.add_arc(2, 0) sage: G.del_vertex(1) sage: for i in range(3): ....: for j in range(3): ....: if G.has_arc(i, j): ....: print("{} {}".format(i,j)) 0 2 2 0
Deleting vertices of dense graphs:
sage: from sage.graphs.base.dense_graph import DenseGraph sage: G = DenseGraph(4) sage: G.add_arc(0, 1); G.add_arc(0, 2) sage: G.add_arc(3, 1); G.add_arc(3, 2) sage: G.add_arc(1, 2) sage: G.verts() [0, 1, 2, 3] sage: G.del_vertex(3); G.verts() [0, 1, 2] sage: for i in range(3): ....: for j in range(3): ....: if G.has_arc(i, j): ....: print("{} {}".format(i,j)) 0 1 0 2 1 2
If the vertex to be deleted is not in this graph, then fail silently:
sage: from sage.graphs.base.sparse_graph import SparseGraph sage: G = SparseGraph(3) sage: G.verts() [0, 1, 2] sage: G.has_vertex(3) False sage: G.del_vertex(3) sage: G.verts() [0, 1, 2]
sage: from sage.graphs.base.dense_graph import DenseGraph sage: G = DenseGraph(5) sage: G.verts() [0, 1, 2, 3, 4] sage: G.has_vertex(6) False sage: G.del_vertex(6) sage: G.verts() [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]
-
has_arc
(u, v)¶ Determine whether or not the given arc is in this graph.
INPUT:
u
– integer; the tail of an arc.v
– integer; the head of an arc.
OUTPUT:
- Print a
Not Implemented!
message. This method is not implemented at theCGraph
level. A child class should provide a suitable implementation.
EXAMPLE:
sage: from sage.graphs.base.c_graph import CGraph sage: G = CGraph() sage: G.has_arc(0, 1) Traceback (most recent call last): ... NotImplementedError
-
has_vertex
(n)¶ Determine whether the vertex
n
is inself
.This method is different from
check_vertex()
. The current method returns a boolean to signify whether or notn
is a vertex of this graph. On the other hand,check_vertex()
raises an error ifn
is not a vertex of this graph.INPUT:
n
– a nonnegative integer representing a vertex.
OUTPUT:
True
ifn
is a vertex of this graph;False
otherwise.
See also
check_vertex()
– raise an error if this graph does not contain a specific vertex.
EXAMPLES:
Upon initialization, a
SparseGraph
orDenseGraph
has the firstnverts
vertices:sage: from sage.graphs.base.sparse_graph import SparseGraph sage: S = SparseGraph(nverts=10, expected_degree=3, extra_vertices=10) sage: S.has_vertex(6) True sage: S.has_vertex(12) False sage: S.has_vertex(24) False sage: S.has_vertex(-19) False
sage: from sage.graphs.base.dense_graph import DenseGraph sage: D = DenseGraph(nverts=10, extra_vertices=10) sage: D.has_vertex(6) True sage: D.has_vertex(12) False sage: D.has_vertex(24) False sage: D.has_vertex(-19) False
-
in_neighbors
(v)¶ Gives the in-neighbors of the vertex
v
.INPUT:
v
– integer representing a vertex of this graph.
OUTPUT:
- Raise
NotImplementedError
. This method is not implemented at theCGraph
level. A child class should provide a suitable implementation.
See also
in_neighbors
–in_neighbors
method for sparse graphs.in_neighbors
–in_neighbors
method for dense graphs.
EXAMPLE:
sage: from sage.graphs.base.c_graph import CGraph sage: G = CGraph() sage: G.in_neighbors(0) Traceback (most recent call last): ... NotImplementedError
-
out_neighbors
(u)¶ Gives the out-neighbors of the vertex
u
.INPUT:
u
– integer representing a vertex of this graph.
OUTPUT:
- Raise
NotImplementedError
. This method is not implemented at theCGraph
level. A child class should provide a suitable implementation.
See also
out_neighbors
–out_neighbors
implementation for sparse graphs.out_neighbors
–out_neighbors
implementation for dense graphs.
EXAMPLE:
sage: from sage.graphs.base.c_graph import CGraph sage: G = CGraph() sage: G.out_neighbors(0) Traceback (most recent call last): ... NotImplementedError
-
realloc
(total)¶ Reallocate the number of vertices to use, without actually adding any.
INPUT:
total
– integer; the total size to make the array of vertices.
OUTPUT:
- Raise a
NotImplementedError
. This method is not implemented in this base class. A child class should provide a suitable implementation.
See also
EXAMPLES:
First, note that
realloc()
is implemented forSparseGraph
andDenseGraph
differently, and is not implemented at theCGraph
level:sage: from sage.graphs.base.c_graph import CGraph sage: G = CGraph() sage: G.realloc(20) Traceback (most recent call last): ... NotImplementedError
The
realloc
implementation for sparse graphs:sage: from sage.graphs.base.sparse_graph import SparseGraph sage: S = SparseGraph(nverts=4, extra_vertices=4) sage: S.current_allocation() 8 sage: S.add_vertex(6) 6 sage: S.current_allocation() 8 sage: S.add_vertex(10) 10 sage: S.current_allocation() 16 sage: S.add_vertex(40) Traceback (most recent call last): ... RuntimeError: Requested vertex is past twice the allocated range: use realloc. sage: S.realloc(50) sage: S.add_vertex(40) 40 sage: S.current_allocation() 50 sage: S.realloc(30) -1 sage: S.current_allocation() 50 sage: S.del_vertex(40) sage: S.realloc(30) sage: S.current_allocation() 30
The
realloc
implementation for dense graphs:sage: from sage.graphs.base.dense_graph import DenseGraph sage: D = DenseGraph(nverts=4, extra_vertices=4) sage: D.current_allocation() 8 sage: D.add_vertex(6) 6 sage: D.current_allocation() 8 sage: D.add_vertex(10) 10 sage: D.current_allocation() 16 sage: D.add_vertex(40) Traceback (most recent call last): ... RuntimeError: Requested vertex is past twice the allocated range: use realloc. sage: D.realloc(50) sage: D.add_vertex(40) 40 sage: D.current_allocation() 50 sage: D.realloc(30) -1 sage: D.current_allocation() 50 sage: D.del_vertex(40) sage: D.realloc(30) sage: D.current_allocation() 30
-
verts
()¶ Returns a list of the vertices in
self
.INPUT:
- None.
OUTPUT:
- A list of all vertices in this graph.
EXAMPLE:
sage: from sage.graphs.base.sparse_graph import SparseGraph sage: S = SparseGraph(nverts=4, extra_vertices=4) sage: S.verts() [0, 1, 2, 3] sage: S.add_vertices([3,5,7,9]) sage: S.verts() [0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 9] sage: S.realloc(20) sage: S.verts() [0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 9]
sage: from sage.graphs.base.dense_graph import DenseGraph sage: G = DenseGraph(3, extra_vertices=2) sage: G.verts() [0, 1, 2] sage: G.del_vertex(0) sage: G.verts() [1, 2]
-
-
class
sage.graphs.base.c_graph.
CGraphBackend
¶ Bases:
sage.graphs.base.graph_backends.GenericGraphBackend
Base class for sparse and dense graph backends.
sage: from sage.graphs.base.c_graph import CGraphBackend
This class is extended by
SparseGraphBackend
andDenseGraphBackend
, which are fully functional backends. This class is mainly just for vertex functions, which are the same for both. ACGraphBackend
will not work on its own:sage: from sage.graphs.base.c_graph import CGraphBackend sage: CGB = CGraphBackend() sage: CGB.degree(0, True) Traceback (most recent call last): ... TypeError: 'NoneType' object is not iterable
The appropriate way to use these backends is via Sage graphs:
sage: G = Graph(30, implementation="c_graph") sage: G.add_edges([(0,1), (0,3), (4,5), (9, 23)]) sage: G.edges(labels=False) [(0, 1), (0, 3), (4, 5), (9, 23)]
This class handles the labels of vertices and edges. For vertices it uses two dictionaries
vertex_labels
andvertex_ints
. They are just opposite of each other:vertex_ints
makes a translation from label to integers (that are internally used) andvertex_labels
make the translation from internally used integers to actual labels. This class tries hard to avoid translation if possible. This will work only if the graph is built on integers from \(0\) to \(n-1\) and the vertices are basically added in increasing order.See also
SparseGraphBackend
– backend for sparse graphs.DenseGraphBackend
– backend for dense graphs.
-
add_vertex
(name)¶ Add a vertex to
self
.INPUT:
name
– the vertex to be added (must be hashable). IfNone
, a new name is created.
OUTPUT:
- If name=None, the new vertex name is returned. None otherwise.
See also
add_vertices()
– add a bunch of vertices of this graph.has_vertex()
– returns whether or not this graph has a specific vertex.
EXAMPLE:
sage: D = sage.graphs.base.dense_graph.DenseGraphBackend(9) sage: D.add_vertex(10) sage: D.add_vertex([]) Traceback (most recent call last): ... TypeError: unhashable type: 'list'
sage: S = sage.graphs.base.sparse_graph.SparseGraphBackend(9) sage: S.add_vertex(10) sage: S.add_vertex([]) Traceback (most recent call last): ... TypeError: unhashable type: 'list'
-
add_vertices
(vertices)¶ Add vertices to
self
.INPUT:
vertices
: iterator of vertex labels. A new name is created, used and returned in the output list for allNone
values invertices
.
OUTPUT:
Generated names of new vertices if there is at least one
None
value present invertices
.None
otherwise.See also
add_vertex()
– add a vertex to this graph.
EXAMPLE:
sage: D = sage.graphs.base.sparse_graph.SparseGraphBackend(1) sage: D.add_vertices([1,2,3]) sage: D.add_vertices([None]*4) [4, 5, 6, 7]
sage: G = sage.graphs.base.sparse_graph.SparseGraphBackend(0) sage: G.add_vertices([0,1]) sage: list(G.iterator_verts(None)) [0, 1] sage: list(G.iterator_edges([0,1], True)) []
sage: import sage.graphs.base.dense_graph sage: D = sage.graphs.base.dense_graph.DenseGraphBackend(9) sage: D.add_vertices([10,11,12])
-
bidirectional_dijkstra
(x, y, weight_function=None)¶ Returns the shortest path between
x
andy
using a bidirectional version of Dijkstra’s algorithm.INPUT:
x
– the starting vertex in the shortest path fromx
toy
.y
– the end vertex in the shortest path fromx
toy
.weight_function
– a function that inputs an edge(u, v, l)
and outputs its weight. IfNone
, we use the edge labell
as a weight.
OUTPUT:
- A list of vertices in the shortest path from
x
toy
.
EXAMPLE:
sage: G = Graph(graphs.PetersenGraph(), implementation="c_graph") sage: for (u,v) in G.edges(labels=None): ... G.set_edge_label(u,v,1) sage: G.shortest_path(0, 1, by_weight=True) [0, 1] sage: G = DiGraph([(1,2,{'weight':1}), (1,3,{'weight':5}), (2,3,{'weight':1})]) sage: G.shortest_path(1, 3, weight_function=lambda e:e[2]['weight']) [1, 2, 3]
TEST:
Bugfix from #7673
sage: G = Graph([(0,1,9),(0,2,8),(1,2,7)]) sage: G.shortest_path_length(0,1,by_weight=True) 9
-
breadth_first_search
(v, reverse=False, ignore_direction=False)¶ Returns a breadth-first search from vertex
v
.INPUT:
v
– a vertex from which to start the breadth-first search.reverse
– boolean (default:False
). This is only relevant to digraphs. If this is a digraph, consider the reversed graph in which the out-neighbors become the in-neighbors and vice versa.ignore_direction
– boolean (default:False
). This is only relevant to digraphs. If this is a digraph, ignore all orientations and consider the graph as undirected.
ALGORITHM:
Below is a general template for breadth-first search.
- Input: A directed or undirected graph \(G = (V, E)\) of order \(n > 0\). A vertex \(s\) from which to start the search. The vertices are numbered from 1 to \(n = |V|\), i.e. \(V = \{1, 2, \dots, n\}\).
- Output: A list \(D\) of distances of all vertices from \(s\). A tree \(T\) rooted at \(s\).
- \(Q \leftarrow [s]\) # a queue of nodes to visit
- \(D \leftarrow [\infty, \infty, \dots, \infty]\) # \(n\) copies of \(\infty\)
- \(D[s] \leftarrow 0\)
- \(T \leftarrow [\,]\)
- while \(\text{length}(Q) > 0\) do
- \(v \leftarrow \text{dequeue}(Q)\)
- for each \(w \in \text{adj}(v)\) do # for digraphs, use out-neighbor set \(\text{oadj}(v)\)
- if \(D[w] = \infty\) then
- \(D[w] \leftarrow D[v] + 1\)
- \(\text{enqueue}(Q, w)\)
- \(\text{append}(T, vw)\)
- if \(D[w] = \infty\) then
- return \((D, T)\)
See also
breadth_first_search
– breadth-first search for generic graphs.depth_first_search
– depth-first search for generic graphs.depth_first_search()
– depth-first search for fast compiled graphs.
EXAMPLES:
Breadth-first search of the Petersen graph starting at vertex 0:
sage: G = Graph(graphs.PetersenGraph(), implementation="c_graph") sage: list(G.breadth_first_search(0)) [0, 1, 4, 5, 2, 6, 3, 9, 7, 8]
Visiting German cities using breadth-first search:
sage: G = Graph({"Mannheim": ["Frankfurt","Karlsruhe"], ... "Frankfurt": ["Mannheim","Wurzburg","Kassel"], ... "Kassel": ["Frankfurt","Munchen"], ... "Munchen": ["Kassel","Nurnberg","Augsburg"], ... "Augsburg": ["Munchen","Karlsruhe"], ... "Karlsruhe": ["Mannheim","Augsburg"], ... "Wurzburg": ["Frankfurt","Erfurt","Nurnberg"], ... "Nurnberg": ["Wurzburg","Stuttgart","Munchen"], ... "Stuttgart": ["Nurnberg"], ... "Erfurt": ["Wurzburg"]}, implementation="c_graph") sage: list(G.breadth_first_search("Frankfurt")) ['Frankfurt', 'Mannheim', 'Kassel', 'Wurzburg', 'Karlsruhe', 'Munchen', 'Erfurt', 'Nurnberg', 'Augsburg', 'Stuttgart']
-
c_graph
()¶ Return the
._cg
and._cg_rev
attributesEXAMPLES:
sage: cg,cg_rev = graphs.PetersenGraph()._backend.c_graph() sage: cg <sage.graphs.base.sparse_graph.SparseGraph object at ...> sage: cg_rev <sage.graphs.base.sparse_graph.SparseGraph object at ...>
-
degree
(v, directed)¶ Return the degree of the vertex
v
.INPUT:
v
– a vertex of the graph.directed
– boolean; whether to take into account the orientation of this graph in counting the degree ofv
.
OUTPUT:
- The degree of vertex
v
.
EXAMPLE:
sage: from sage.graphs.base.sparse_graph import SparseGraphBackend sage: B = SparseGraphBackend(7) sage: B.degree(3, False) 0
TESTS:
Ensure that ticket trac ticket #8395 is fixed.
sage: def my_add_edges(G, m, n): ... for i in range(m): ... u = randint(0, n) ... v = randint(0, n) ... G.add_edge(u, v) sage: G = Graph({1:[1]}); G Looped graph on 1 vertex sage: G.edges(labels=False) [(1, 1)] sage: G.degree(); G.size() [2] 1 sage: sum(G.degree()) == 2 * G.size() True sage: G = Graph({1:[1,2], 2:[2,3]}, loops=True); G Looped graph on 3 vertices sage: my_add_edges(G, 100, 50) sage: sum(G.degree()) == 2 * G.size() True sage: G = Graph({1:[2,2], 2:[3]}); G Multi-graph on 3 vertices sage: G.edges(labels=False) [(1, 2), (1, 2), (2, 3)] sage: G.degree(); G.size() [2, 3, 1] 3 sage: sum(G.degree()) == 2 * G.size() True sage: G.allow_loops(True); G Looped multi-graph on 3 vertices sage: my_add_edges(G, 100, 50) sage: sum(G.degree()) == 2 * G.size() True sage: D = DiGraph({1:[2], 2:[1,3]}); D Digraph on 3 vertices sage: D.edges(labels=False) [(1, 2), (2, 1), (2, 3)] sage: D.degree(); D.size() [2, 3, 1] 3 sage: sum(D.degree()) == 2 * D.size() True sage: D.allow_loops(True); D Looped digraph on 3 vertices sage: my_add_edges(D, 100, 50) sage: sum(D.degree()) == 2 * D.size() True sage: D.allow_multiple_edges(True) sage: my_add_edges(D, 200, 50) sage: sum(D.degree()) == 2 * D.size() True sage: G = Graph({1:[2,2,2]}) sage: G.allow_loops(True) sage: G.add_edge(1,1) sage: G.add_edge(1,1) sage: G.edges(labels=False) [(1, 1), (1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 2), (1, 2)] sage: G.degree(1) 7 sage: G.allow_loops(False) sage: G.edges(labels=False) [(1, 2), (1, 2), (1, 2)] sage: G.degree(1) 3 sage: G = Graph({1:{2:['a','a','a']}}) sage: G.allow_loops(True) sage: G.add_edge(1,1,'b') sage: G.add_edge(1,1,'b') sage: G.add_edge(1,1) sage: G.add_edge(1,1) sage: G.edges() [(1, 1, None), (1, 1, None), (1, 1, 'b'), (1, 1, 'b'), (1, 2, 'a'), (1, 2, 'a'), (1, 2, 'a')] sage: G.degree(1) 11 sage: G.allow_loops(False) sage: G.edges() [(1, 2, 'a'), (1, 2, 'a'), (1, 2, 'a')] sage: G.degree(1) 3 sage: G = Graph({1:{2:['a','a','a']}}) sage: G.allow_loops(True) sage: G.add_edge(1,1,'b') sage: G.add_edge(1,1,'b') sage: G.edges() [(1, 1, 'b'), (1, 1, 'b'), (1, 2, 'a'), (1, 2, 'a'), (1, 2, 'a')] sage: G.degree(1) 7 sage: G.allow_loops(False) sage: G.edges() [(1, 2, 'a'), (1, 2, 'a'), (1, 2, 'a')] sage: G.degree(1) 3
Ensure that trac ticket #13664 is fixed
sage: W = WeylGroup(["A",1]) sage: G = W.cayley_graph() sage: Graph(G).degree() [1, 1] sage: h = Graph() sage: h.add_edge(1,2,"a") sage: h.add_edge(1,2,"a") sage: h.degree() [1, 1]
-
del_vertex
(v)¶ Delete a vertex in
self
, failing silently if the vertex is not in the graph.INPUT:
v
– vertex to be deleted.
OUTPUT:
- None.
See also
del_vertices()
– delete a bunch of vertices from this graph.
EXAMPLE:
sage: D = sage.graphs.base.dense_graph.DenseGraphBackend(9) sage: D.del_vertex(0) sage: D.has_vertex(0) False
sage: S = sage.graphs.base.sparse_graph.SparseGraphBackend(9) sage: S.del_vertex(0) sage: S.has_vertex(0) False
-
del_vertices
(vertices)¶ Delete vertices from an iterable container.
INPUT:
vertices
– iterator of vertex labels.
OUTPUT:
- Same as for
del_vertex()
.
See also
del_vertex()
– delete a vertex of this graph.
EXAMPLE:
sage: import sage.graphs.base.dense_graph sage: D = sage.graphs.base.dense_graph.DenseGraphBackend(9) sage: D.del_vertices([7,8]) sage: D.has_vertex(7) False sage: D.has_vertex(6) True
sage: D = sage.graphs.base.sparse_graph.SparseGraphBackend(9) sage: D.del_vertices([1,2,3]) sage: D.has_vertex(1) False sage: D.has_vertex(0) True
-
depth_first_search
(v, reverse=False, ignore_direction=False)¶ Returns a depth-first search from vertex
v
.INPUT:
v
– a vertex from which to start the depth-first search.reverse
– boolean (default:False
). This is only relevant to digraphs. If this is a digraph, consider the reversed graph in which the out-neighbors become the in-neighbors and vice versa.ignore_direction
– boolean (default:False
). This is only relevant to digraphs. If this is a digraph, ignore all orientations and consider the graph as undirected.
ALGORITHM:
Below is a general template for depth-first search.
- Input: A directed or undirected graph \(G = (V, E)\) of order \(n > 0\). A vertex \(s\) from which to start the search. The vertices are numbered from 1 to \(n = |V|\), i.e. \(V = \{1, 2, \dots, n\}\).
- Output: A list \(D\) of distances of all vertices from \(s\). A tree \(T\) rooted at \(s\).
- \(S \leftarrow [s]\) # a stack of nodes to visit
- \(D \leftarrow [\infty, \infty, \dots, \infty]\) # \(n\) copies of \(\infty\)
- \(D[s] \leftarrow 0\)
- \(T \leftarrow [\,]\)
- while \(\text{length}(S) > 0\) do
- \(v \leftarrow \text{pop}(S)\)
- for each \(w \in \text{adj}(v)\) do # for digraphs, use out-neighbor set \(\text{oadj}(v)\)
- if \(D[w] = \infty\) then
- \(D[w] \leftarrow D[v] + 1\)
- \(\text{push}(S, w)\)
- \(\text{append}(T, vw)\)
- if \(D[w] = \infty\) then
- return \((D, T)\)
See also
breadth_first_search()
– breadth-first search for fast compiled graphs.breadth_first_search
– breadth-first search for generic graphs.depth_first_search
– depth-first search for generic graphs.
EXAMPLES:
Traversing the Petersen graph using depth-first search:
sage: G = Graph(graphs.PetersenGraph(), implementation="c_graph") sage: list(G.depth_first_search(0)) [0, 5, 8, 6, 9, 7, 2, 3, 4, 1]
Visiting German cities using depth-first search:
sage: G = Graph({"Mannheim": ["Frankfurt","Karlsruhe"], ... "Frankfurt": ["Mannheim","Wurzburg","Kassel"], ... "Kassel": ["Frankfurt","Munchen"], ... "Munchen": ["Kassel","Nurnberg","Augsburg"], ... "Augsburg": ["Munchen","Karlsruhe"], ... "Karlsruhe": ["Mannheim","Augsburg"], ... "Wurzburg": ["Frankfurt","Erfurt","Nurnberg"], ... "Nurnberg": ["Wurzburg","Stuttgart","Munchen"], ... "Stuttgart": ["Nurnberg"], ... "Erfurt": ["Wurzburg"]}, implementation="c_graph") sage: list(G.depth_first_search("Frankfurt")) ['Frankfurt', 'Wurzburg', 'Nurnberg', 'Munchen', 'Kassel', 'Augsburg', 'Karlsruhe', 'Mannheim', 'Stuttgart', 'Erfurt']
-
has_vertex
(v)¶ Returns whether
v
is a vertex ofself
.INPUT:
v
– any object.
OUTPUT:
True
ifv
is a vertex of this graph;False
otherwise.
EXAMPLE:
sage: from sage.graphs.base.sparse_graph import SparseGraphBackend sage: B = SparseGraphBackend(7) sage: B.has_vertex(6) True sage: B.has_vertex(7) False
-
in_degree
(v)¶ Returns the in-degree of v
INPUT:
v
– a vertex of the graph.
EXAMPLE:
sage: D = DiGraph( { 0: [1,2,3], 1: [0,2], 2: [3], 3: [4], 4: [0,5], 5: [1] } ) sage: D.out_degree(1) 2
-
is_connected
()¶ Returns whether the graph is connected.
EXAMPLES:
Petersen’s graph is connected:
sage: DiGraph(graphs.PetersenGraph(),implementation="c_graph").is_connected() True
While the disjoint union of two of them is not:
sage: DiGraph(2*graphs.PetersenGraph(),implementation="c_graph").is_connected() False
A graph with non-integer vertex labels:
sage: Graph(graphs.CubeGraph(3), implementation='c_graph').is_connected() True
-
is_directed_acyclic
(certificate=False)¶ Returns whether the graph is both directed and acylic (possibly with a certificate)
INPUT:
certificate
– whether to return a certificate (False
by default).
OUTPUT:
When
certificate=False
, returns a boolean value. Whencertificate=True
:- If the graph is acyclic, returns a pair
(True, ordering)
whereordering
is a list of the vertices such thatu
appears beforev
inordering
ifu, v
is an edge. - Else, returns a pair
(False, cycle)
wherecycle
is a list of vertices representing a circuit in the graph.
ALGORITHM:
We pick a vertex at random, think hard and find out that that if we are to remove the vertex from the graph we must remove all of its out-neighbors in the first place. So we put all of its out-neighbours in a stack, and repeat the same procedure with the vertex on top of the stack (when a vertex on top of the stack has no out-neighbors, we remove it immediately). Of course, for each vertex we only add its outneighbors to the end of the stack once : if for some reason the previous algorithm leads us to do it twice, it means we have found a circuit.
We keep track of the vertices whose out-neighborhood has been added to the stack once with a variable named
tried
.There is no reason why the graph should be empty at the end of this procedure, so we run it again on the remaining vertices until none are left or a circuit is found.
Note
The graph is assumed to be directed. An exception is raised if it is not.
EXAMPLES:
At first, the following graph is acyclic:
sage: D = DiGraph({ 0:[1,2,3], 4:[2,5], 1:[8], 2:[7], 3:[7], 5:[6,7], 7:[8], 6:[9], 8:[10], 9:[10] }) sage: D.plot(layout='circular').show() sage: D.is_directed_acyclic() True
Adding an edge from \(9\) to \(7\) does not change it:
sage: D.add_edge(9,7) sage: D.is_directed_acyclic() True
We can obtain as a proof an ordering of the vertices such that \(u\) appears before \(v\) if \(uv\) is an edge of the graph:
sage: D.is_directed_acyclic(certificate = True) (True, [4, 5, 6, 9, 0, 1, 2, 3, 7, 8, 10])
Adding an edge from 7 to 4, though, makes a difference:
sage: D.add_edge(7,4) sage: D.is_directed_acyclic() False
Indeed, it creates a circuit \(7, 4, 5\):
sage: D.is_directed_acyclic(certificate = True) (False, [7, 4, 5])
Checking acyclic graphs are indeed acyclic
sage: def random_acyclic(n, p): ... g = graphs.RandomGNP(n, p) ... h = DiGraph() ... h.add_edges([ ((u,v) if u<v else (v,u)) for u,v,_ in g.edges() ]) ... return h ... sage: all( random_acyclic(100, .2).is_directed_acyclic() # long time ... for i in range(50)) # long time True
-
is_strongly_connected
()¶ Returns whether the graph is strongly connected.
EXAMPLES:
The circuit on 3 vertices is obviously strongly connected:
sage: g = DiGraph({0: [1], 1: [2], 2: [0]}, implementation="c_graph") sage: g.is_strongly_connected() True
But a transitive triangle is not:
sage: g = DiGraph({0: [1,2], 1: [2]}, implementation="c_graph") sage: g.is_strongly_connected() False
-
iterator_in_nbrs
(v)¶ Returns an iterator over the incoming neighbors of
v
.INPUT:
v
– a vertex of this graph.
OUTPUT:
- An iterator over the in-neighbors of the vertex
v
.
See also
iterator_nbrs()
– returns an iterator over the neighbors of a vertex.iterator_out_nbrs()
– returns an iterator over the out-neighbors of a vertex.
EXAMPLE:
sage: P = DiGraph(graphs.PetersenGraph().to_directed(), implementation="c_graph") sage: list(P._backend.iterator_in_nbrs(0)) [1, 4, 5]
-
iterator_nbrs
(v)¶ Returns an iterator over the neighbors of
v
.INPUT:
v
– a vertex of this graph.
OUTPUT:
- An iterator over the neighbors the vertex
v
.
See also
iterator_in_nbrs()
– returns an iterator over the in-neighbors of a vertex.iterator_out_nbrs()
– returns an iterator over the out-neighbors of a vertex.iterator_verts()
– returns an iterator over a given set of vertices.
EXAMPLE:
sage: P = Graph(graphs.PetersenGraph(), implementation="c_graph") sage: list(P._backend.iterator_nbrs(0)) [1, 4, 5]
-
iterator_out_nbrs
(v)¶ Returns an iterator over the outgoing neighbors of
v
.INPUT:
v
– a vertex of this graph.
OUTPUT:
- An iterator over the out-neighbors of the vertex
v
.
See also
iterator_nbrs()
– returns an iterator over the neighbors of a vertex.iterator_in_nbrs()
– returns an iterator over the in-neighbors of a vertex.
EXAMPLE:
sage: P = DiGraph(graphs.PetersenGraph().to_directed(), implementation="c_graph") sage: list(P._backend.iterator_out_nbrs(0)) [1, 4, 5]
-
iterator_verts
(verts=None)¶ Returns an iterator over the vertices of
self
intersected withverts
.INPUT:
verts
– an iterable container of objects (default:None
).
OUTPUT:
- If
verts=None
, return an iterator over all vertices of this graph. - If
verts
is an iterable container of vertices, find the intersection ofverts
with the vertex set of this graph and return an iterator over the resulting intersection.
See also
iterator_nbrs()
– returns an iterator over the neighbors of a vertex.
EXAMPLE:
sage: P = Graph(graphs.PetersenGraph(), implementation="c_graph") sage: list(P._backend.iterator_verts(P)) [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9] sage: list(P._backend.iterator_verts()) [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9] sage: list(P._backend.iterator_verts([1, 2, 3])) [1, 2, 3] sage: list(P._backend.iterator_verts([1, 2, 10])) [1, 2]
-
loops
(new=None)¶ Returns whether loops are allowed in this graph.
INPUT:
new
– (default:None
); boolean (to set) orNone
(to get).
OUTPUT:
- If
new=None
, returnTrue
if this graph allows self-loops orFalse
if self-loops are not allowed. - If
new
is a boolean, set the self-loop permission of this graph according to the boolean value ofnew
.
EXAMPLE:
sage: G = Graph(implementation='c_graph') sage: G._backend.loops() False sage: G._backend.loops(True) sage: G._backend.loops() True
-
num_edges
(directed)¶ Returns the number of edges in
self
.INPUT:
directed
– boolean; whether to count(u,v)
and(v,u)
as one or two edges.
OUTPUT:
- If
directed=True
, counts the number of directed edges in this graph. Otherwise, return the size of this graph.
See also
num_verts()
– return the order of this graph.
EXAMPLE:
sage: G = Graph(graphs.PetersenGraph(), implementation="c_graph") sage: G._backend.num_edges(False) 15
TESTS:
Ensure that trac ticket #8395 is fixed.
sage: G = Graph({1:[1]}); G Looped graph on 1 vertex sage: G.edges(labels=False) [(1, 1)] sage: G.size() 1 sage: G = Graph({1:[2,2]}); G Multi-graph on 2 vertices sage: G.edges(labels=False) [(1, 2), (1, 2)] sage: G.size() 2 sage: G = Graph({1:[1,1]}); G Looped multi-graph on 1 vertex sage: G.edges(labels=False) [(1, 1), (1, 1)] sage: G.size() 2 sage: D = DiGraph({1:[1]}); D Looped digraph on 1 vertex sage: D.edges(labels=False) [(1, 1)] sage: D.size() 1 sage: D = DiGraph({1:[2,2], 2:[1,1]}); D Multi-digraph on 2 vertices sage: D.edges(labels=False) [(1, 2), (1, 2), (2, 1), (2, 1)] sage: D.size() 4 sage: D = DiGraph({1:[1,1]}); D Looped multi-digraph on 1 vertex sage: D.edges(labels=False) [(1, 1), (1, 1)] sage: D.size() 2 sage: from sage.graphs.base.sparse_graph import SparseGraphBackend sage: S = SparseGraphBackend(7) sage: S.num_edges(False) 0 sage: S.loops(True) sage: S.add_edge(1, 1, None, directed=False) sage: S.num_edges(False) 1 sage: S.multiple_edges(True) sage: S.add_edge(1, 1, None, directed=False) sage: S.num_edges(False) 2 sage: from sage.graphs.base.dense_graph import DenseGraphBackend sage: D = DenseGraphBackend(7) sage: D.num_edges(False) 0 sage: D.loops(True) sage: D.add_edge(1, 1, None, directed=False) sage: D.num_edges(False) 1
-
num_verts
()¶ Returns the number of vertices in
self
.INPUT:
- None.
OUTPUT:
- The order of this graph.
See also
num_edges()
– return the number of (directed) edges in this graph.
EXAMPLE:
sage: G = Graph(graphs.PetersenGraph(), implementation="c_graph") sage: G._backend.num_verts() 10
-
out_degree
(v)¶ Returns the out-degree of v
INPUT:
v
– a vertex of the graph.
EXAMPLE:
sage: D = DiGraph( { 0: [1,2,3], 1: [0,2], 2: [3], 3: [4], 4: [0,5], 5: [1] } ) sage: D.out_degree(1) 2
-
relabel
(perm, directed)¶ Relabels the graph according to
perm
.INPUT:
perm
– anything which represents a permutation asv --> perm[v]
, for example a dict or a list.directed
– ignored (this is here for compatibility with other backends).
EXAMPLES:
sage: G = Graph(graphs.PetersenGraph(), implementation="c_graph") sage: G._backend.relabel(range(9,-1,-1), False) sage: G.edges() [(0, 2, None), (0, 3, None), (0, 5, None), (1, 3, None), (1, 4, None), (1, 6, None), (2, 4, None), (2, 7, None), (3, 8, None), (4, 9, None), (5, 6, None), (5, 9, None), (6, 7, None), (7, 8, None), (8, 9, None)]
-
shortest_path
(x, y)¶ Returns the shortest path between
x
andy
.INPUT:
x
– the starting vertex in the shortest path fromx
toy
.y
– the end vertex in the shortest path fromx
toy
.
OUTPUT:
- A list of vertices in the shortest path from
x
toy
.
EXAMPLE:
sage: G = Graph(graphs.PetersenGraph(), implementation="c_graph") sage: G.shortest_path(0, 1) [0, 1]
-
shortest_path_all_vertices
(v, cutoff=None)¶ Returns for each vertex
u
a shortestv-u
path.INPUT:
v
– a starting vertex in the shortest path.cutoff
– maximal distance. Longer paths will not be returned.
OUTPUT:
- A list which associates to each vertex
u
the shortest path betweenu
andv
if there is one.
Note
The weight of edges is not taken into account.
ALGORITHM:
This is just a breadth-first search.
EXAMPLES:
On the Petersen Graph:
sage: g = graphs.PetersenGraph() sage: paths = g._backend.shortest_path_all_vertices(0) sage: all([ len(paths[v]) == 0 or len(paths[v])-1 == g.distance(0,v) for v in g]) True
On a disconnected graph
sage: g = 2*graphs.RandomGNP(20,.3) sage: paths = g._backend.shortest_path_all_vertices(0) sage: all([ (v not in paths and g.distance(0,v) == +Infinity) or len(paths[v])-1 == g.distance(0,v) for v in g]) True
-
strongly_connected_component_containing_vertex
(v)¶ Returns the strongly connected component containing the given vertex.
INPUT:
v
– a vertex
EXAMPLES:
The digraph obtained from the
PetersenGraph
has an unique strongly connected component:sage: g = DiGraph(graphs.PetersenGraph()) sage: g.strongly_connected_component_containing_vertex(0) [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]
In the Butterfly DiGraph, each vertex is a strongly connected component:
sage: g = digraphs.ButterflyGraph(3) sage: all([[v] == g.strongly_connected_component_containing_vertex(v) for v in g]) True
-
class
sage.graphs.base.c_graph.
Search_iterator
¶ Bases:
object
An iterator for traversing a (di)graph.
This class is commonly used to perform a depth-first or breadth-first search. The class does not build all at once in memory the whole list of visited vertices. The class maintains the following variables:
graph
– a graph whose vertices are to be iterated over.direction
– integer; this determines the position at which vertices to be visited are removed from the liststack
. For breadth-first search (BFS), element removal occurs at the start of the list, as signified by the valuedirection=0
. This is because in implementations of BFS, the list of vertices to visit are usually maintained by a queue, so element insertion and removal follow a first-in first-out (FIFO) protocol. For depth-first search (DFS), element removal occurs at the end of the list, as signified by the valuedirection=-1
. The reason is that DFS is usually implemented using a stack to maintain the list of vertices to visit. Hence, element insertion and removal follow a last-in first-out (LIFO) protocol.stack
– a list of vertices to visit.seen
– a list of vertices that are already visited.test_out
– boolean; whether we want to consider the out-neighbors of the graph to be traversed. For undirected graphs, we consider both the in- and out-neighbors. However, for digraphs we only traverse along out-neighbors.test_in
– boolean; whether we want to consider the in-neighbors of the graph to be traversed. For undirected graphs, we consider both the in- and out-neighbors.
EXAMPLE:
sage: g = graphs.PetersenGraph() sage: list(g.breadth_first_search(0)) [0, 1, 4, 5, 2, 6, 3, 9, 7, 8]
-
next
()¶ x.next() -> the next value, or raise StopIteration