Projective curves.¶
EXAMPLES:
We can construct curves in either a projective plane:
sage: P.<x,y,z> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ, 2)
sage: C = Curve([y*z^2 - x^3], P); C
Projective Plane Curve over Rational Field defined by -x^3 + y*z^2
or in higher dimensional projective spaces:
sage: P.<x,y,z,w> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ, 3)
sage: C = Curve([y*w^3 - x^4, z*w^3 - x^4], P); C
Projective Curve over Rational Field defined by -x^4 + y*w^3, -x^4 + z*w^3
AUTHORS:
- William Stein (2005-11-13)
- David Joyner (2005-11-13)
- David Kohel (2006-01)
- Moritz Minzlaff (2010-11)
- Grayson Jorgenson (2016-8)
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sage.schemes.curves.projective_curve.
Hasse_bounds
(q, genus=1)¶ Return the Hasse-Weil bounds for the cardinality of a nonsingular curve defined over \(\GF{q}\) of given
genus
.INPUT:
q
(int) – a prime powergenus
(int, default 1) – a non-negative integer,
OUTPUT:
(tuple) The Hasse bounds (lb,ub) for the cardinality of a curve of genus
genus
defined over \(\GF{q}\).EXAMPLES:
sage: Hasse_bounds(2) (1, 5) sage: Hasse_bounds(next_prime(10^30)) (999999999999998000000000000058, 1000000000000002000000000000058)
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class
sage.schemes.curves.projective_curve.
ProjectiveCurve
(A, X)¶ Bases:
sage.schemes.curves.curve.Curve_generic
,sage.schemes.generic.algebraic_scheme.AlgebraicScheme_subscheme_projective
Initialization function.
EXAMPLES:
sage: P.<x,y,z,w,u> = ProjectiveSpace(GF(7), 4) sage: C = Curve([y*u^2 - x^3, z*u^2 - x^3, w*u^2 - x^3, y^3 - x^3], P); C Projective Curve over Finite Field of size 7 defined by -x^3 + y*u^2, -x^3 + z*u^2, -x^3 + w*u^2, -x^3 + y^3
sage: K.<u> = CyclotomicField(11) sage: P.<x,y,z,w> = ProjectiveSpace(K, 3) sage: C = Curve([y*w - u*z^2 - x^2, x*w - 3*u^2*z*w], P); C Projective Curve over Cyclotomic Field of order 11 and degree 10 defined by -x^2 + (-u)*z^2 + y*w, x*w + (-3*u^2)*z*w
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affine_patch
(i, AA=None)¶ Return the i-th affine patch of this projective curve.
INPUT:
i
– affine coordinate chart of the projective ambient space of this curve to compute affine patch with respect to.AA
– (default: None) ambient affine space, this is constructed if it is not given.
OUTPUT:
- a curve in affine space.
EXAMPLES:
sage: P.<x,y,z,w> = ProjectiveSpace(CC, 3) sage: C = Curve([y*z - x^2, w^2 - x*y], P) sage: C.affine_patch(0) Affine Curve over Complex Field with 53 bits of precision defined by x0*x1 - 1.00000000000000, x2^2 - x0
sage: P.<x,y,z> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ, 2) sage: C = Curve(x^3 - x^2*y + y^3 - x^2*z, P) sage: C.affine_patch(1) Affine Plane Curve over Rational Field defined by x0^3 - x0^2*x1 - x0^2 + 1
sage: A.<x,y> = AffineSpace(QQ, 2) sage: P.<u,v,w> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ, 2) sage: C = Curve([u^2 - v^2], P) sage: C.affine_patch(1, A).ambient_space() == A True
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arithmetic_genus
()¶ Return the arithmetic genus of this projective curve.
This is the arithmetic genus \(g_a(C)\) as defined in [Hartshorne]. If \(P\) is the Hilbert polynomial of the defining ideal of this curve, then the arithmetic genus of this curve is \(1 - P(0)\). This curve must be irreducible.
OUTPUT: Integer.
EXAMPLES:
sage: P.<x,y,z,w> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ, 3) sage: C = P.curve([w*z - x^2, w^2 + y^2 + z^2]) sage: C.arithmetic_genus() 1
sage: P.<x,y,z,w,t> = ProjectiveSpace(GF(7), 4) sage: C = P.curve([t^3 - x*y*w, x^3 + y^3 + z^3, z - w]) sage: C.arithmetic_genus() 10
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is_complete_intersection
()¶ Return whether this projective curve is or is not a complete intersection.
OUTPUT: Boolean.
EXAMPLES:
sage: P.<x,y,z,w> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ, 3) sage: C = Curve([x*y - z*w, x^2 - y*w, y^2*w - x*z*w], P) sage: C.is_complete_intersection() False
sage: P.<x,y,z,w> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ, 3) sage: C = Curve([y*w - x^2, z*w^2 - x^3], P) sage: C.is_complete_intersection() True sage: P.<x,y,z,w> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ, 3) sage: C = Curve([z^2 - y*w, y*z - x*w, y^2 - x*z], P) sage: C.is_complete_intersection() False
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plane_projection
(PP=None)¶ Return a projection of this curve into a projective plane.
INPUT:
PP
– (default: None) the projective plane the projected curve will be defined in. This space must be defined over the same base field as this curve, and must have dimension two. This space is constructed if not specified.
OUTPUT:
- a tuple consisting of two elements: a scheme morphism from this curve into a projective plane, and the projective curve that is the image of that morphism.
EXAMPLES:
sage: P.<x,y,z,w,u,v> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ, 5) sage: C = P.curve([x*u - z*v, w - y, w*y - x^2, y^3*u*2*z - w^4*w]) sage: L.<a,b,c> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ, 2) sage: proj1 = C.plane_projection(PP=L) sage: proj1 (Scheme morphism: From: Projective Curve over Rational Field defined by x*u - z*v, -y + w, -x^2 + y*w, -w^5 + 2*y^3*z*u To: Projective Space of dimension 2 over Rational Field Defn: Defined on coordinates by sending (x : y : z : w : u : v) to (x : -z + u : -z + v), Projective Plane Curve over Rational Field defined by a^8 + 6*a^7*b + 4*a^5*b^3 - 4*a^7*c - 2*a^6*b*c - 4*a^5*b^2*c + 2*a^6*c^2) sage: proj1[1].ambient_space() is L True sage: proj2 = C.projection() sage: proj2[1].ambient_space() is L False
sage: P.<x,y,z,w,u> = ProjectiveSpace(GF(7), 4) sage: C = P.curve([x^2 - 6*y^2, w*z*u - y^3 + 4*y^2*z, u^2 - x^2]) sage: C.plane_projection() (Scheme morphism: From: Projective Curve over Finite Field of size 7 defined by x^2 + y^2, -y^3 - 3*y^2*z + z*w*u, -x^2 + u^2 To: Projective Space of dimension 2 over Finite Field of size 7 Defn: Defined on coordinates by sending (x : y : z : w : u) to (y : z : -x + w), Projective Plane Curve over Finite Field of size 7 defined by x0^10 - 2*x0^9*x1 + 3*x0^8*x1^2 - 2*x0^7*x1^3 + x0^6*x1^4 + 2*x0^6*x1^2*x2^2 - 2*x0^5*x1^3*x2^2 - x0^4*x1^4*x2^2 + x0^2*x1^4*x2^4)
sage: P.<x,y,z> = ProjectiveSpace(GF(17), 2) sage: C = P.curve(x^2 - y*z - z^2) sage: C.plane_projection() Traceback (most recent call last): ... TypeError: this curve is already a plane curve
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projection
(P=None, PS=None)¶ Return a projection of this curve into projective space of dimension one less than the dimension of the ambient space of this curve.
This curve must not already be a plane curve. Over finite fields, if this curve contains all points in its ambient space, then an error will be returned.
INPUT:
P
– (default: None) a point not on this curve that will be used to define the projection map; this is constructed if not specified.PS
– (default: None) the projective space the projected curve will be defined in. This space must be defined over the same base ring as this curve, and must have dimension one less than that of the ambient space of this curve. This space will be constructed if not specified.
OUTPUT:
- a tuple consisting of two elements: a scheme morphism from this curve into a projective space of dimension one less than that of the ambient space of this curve, and the projective curve that is the image of that morphism.
EXAMPLES:
sage: K.<a> = CyclotomicField(3) sage: P.<x,y,z,w> = ProjectiveSpace(K, 3) sage: C = Curve([y*w - x^2, z*w^2 - a*x^3], P) sage: L.<a,b,c> = ProjectiveSpace(K, 2) sage: proj1 = C.projection(PS=L) sage: proj1 (Scheme morphism: From: Projective Curve over Cyclotomic Field of order 3 and degree 2 defined by -x^2 + y*w, (-a)*x^3 + z*w^2 To: Projective Space of dimension 2 over Cyclotomic Field of order 3 and degree 2 Defn: Defined on coordinates by sending (x : y : z : w) to (x : y : -z + w), Projective Plane Curve over Cyclotomic Field of order 3 and degree 2 defined by a^6 + (-a)*a^3*b^3 - a^4*b*c) sage: proj1[1].ambient_space() is L True sage: proj2 = C.projection() sage: proj2[1].ambient_space() is L False
sage: P.<x,y,z,w,a,b,c> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ, 6) sage: C = Curve([y - x, z - a - b, w^2 - c^2, z - x - a, x^2 - w*z], P) sage: C.projection() (Scheme morphism: From: Projective Curve over Rational Field defined by -x + y, z - a - b, w^2 - c^2, -x + z - a, x^2 - z*w To: Projective Space of dimension 5 over Rational Field Defn: Defined on coordinates by sending (x : y : z : w : a : b : c) to (x : y : -z + w : a : b : c), Projective Curve over Rational Field defined by x1 - x4, x0 - x4, x2*x3 + x3^2 + x2*x4 + 2*x3*x4, x2^2 - x3^2 - 2*x3*x4 + x4^2 - x5^2, x2*x4^2 + x3*x4^2 + x4^3 - x3*x5^2 - x4*x5^2, x4^4 - x3^2*x5^2 - 2*x3*x4*x5^2 - x4^2*x5^2)
sage: P.<x,y,z,w> = ProjectiveSpace(GF(2), 3) sage: C = P.curve([(x - y)*(x - z)*(x - w)*(y - z)*(y - w), x*y*z*w*(x+y+z+w)]) sage: C.projection() Traceback (most recent call last): ... NotImplementedError: this curve contains all points of its ambient space
sage: P.<x,y,z,w,u> = ProjectiveSpace(GF(7), 4) sage: C = P.curve([x^3 - y*z*u, w^2 - u^2 + 2*x*z, 3*x*w - y^2]) sage: L.<a,b,c,d> = ProjectiveSpace(GF(7), 3) sage: C.projection(PS=L) (Scheme morphism: From: Projective Curve over Finite Field of size 7 defined by x^3 - y*z*u, 2*x*z + w^2 - u^2, -y^2 + 3*x*w To: Projective Space of dimension 3 over Finite Field of size 7 Defn: Defined on coordinates by sending (x : y : z : w : u) to (x : y : z : w), Projective Curve over Finite Field of size 7 defined by b^2 - 3*a*d, a^5*b + a*b*c^3*d - 3*b*c^2*d^3, a^6 + a^2*c^3*d - 3*a*c^2*d^3) sage: Q.<a,b,c> = ProjectiveSpace(GF(7), 2) sage: C.projection(PS=Q) Traceback (most recent call last): ... TypeError: (=Projective Space of dimension 2 over Finite Field of size 7) must have dimension (=3)
sage: PP.<x,y,z,w> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ, 3) sage: C = PP.curve([x^3 - z^2*y, w^2 - z*x]) sage: Q = PP([1,0,1,1]) sage: C.projection(P=Q) (Scheme morphism: From: Projective Curve over Rational Field defined by x^3 - y*z^2, -x*z + w^2 To: Projective Space of dimension 2 over Rational Field Defn: Defined on coordinates by sending (x : y : z : w) to (y : -x + z : -x + w), Projective Plane Curve over Rational Field defined by x0*x1^5 - 6*x0*x1^4*x2 + 14*x0*x1^3*x2^2 - 16*x0*x1^2*x2^3 + 9*x0*x1*x2^4 - 2*x0*x2^5 - x2^6) sage: LL.<a,b,c> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ, 2) sage: Q = PP([0,0,0,1]) sage: C.projection(PS=LL, P=Q) (Scheme morphism: From: Projective Curve over Rational Field defined by x^3 - y*z^2, -x*z + w^2 To: Projective Space of dimension 2 over Rational Field Defn: Defined on coordinates by sending (x : y : z : w) to (x : y : z), Projective Plane Curve over Rational Field defined by a^3 - b*c^2) sage: Q = PP([0,0,1,0]) sage: C.projection(P=Q) Traceback (most recent call last): ... TypeError: (=(0 : 0 : 1 : 0)) must be a point not on this curve
sage: P.<x,y,z> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ, 2) sage: C = P.curve(y^2 - x^2 + z^2) sage: C.projection() Traceback (most recent call last): ... TypeError: this curve is already a plane curve
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class
sage.schemes.curves.projective_curve.
ProjectivePlaneCurve
(A, f)¶ Bases:
sage.schemes.curves.projective_curve.ProjectiveCurve
Initialization function.
EXAMPLES:
sage: P.<x,y,z> = ProjectiveSpace(QQbar, 2) sage: C = Curve([y*z - x^2 - QQbar.gen()*z^2], P); C Projective Plane Curve over Algebraic Field defined by -x^2 + y*z + (-I)*z^2
sage: P.<x,y,z> = ProjectiveSpace(GF(5^2, 'v'), 2) sage: C = Curve([y^2*z - x*z^2 - z^3], P); C Projective Plane Curve over Finite Field in v of size 5^2 defined by y^2*z - x*z^2 - z^3
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arithmetic_genus
()¶ Return the arithmetic genus of this projective curve.
This is the arithmetic genus \(g_a(C)\) as defined in [Hartshorne]. For a projective plane curve of degree \(d\), this is simply \((d-1)(d-2)/2\). It need not equal the geometric genus (the genus of the normalization of the curve). This curve must be irreducible.
OUTPUT: Integer.
EXAMPLE:
sage: x,y,z = PolynomialRing(GF(5), 3, 'xyz').gens() sage: C = Curve(y^2*z^7 - x^9 - x*z^8); C Projective Plane Curve over Finite Field of size 5 defined by -x^9 + y^2*z^7 - x*z^8 sage: C.arithmetic_genus() 28 sage: C.genus() 4
sage: P.<x,y,z> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ, 2) sage: C = Curve([y^3*x - x^2*y*z - 7*z^4]) sage: C.arithmetic_genus() 3
REFERENCES:
[Hartshorne] (1, 2) R. Hartshorne. Algebraic Geometry. Springer-Verlag, New York, 1977.
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degree
()¶ Return the degree of this projective curve.
For a plane curve, this is just the degree of its defining polynomial.
OUTPUT: integer.
EXAMPLES:
sage: P.<x,y,z> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ, 2) sage: C = P.curve([y^7 - x^2*z^5 + 7*z^7]) sage: C.degree() 7
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divisor_of_function
(r)¶ Return the divisor of a function on a curve.
INPUT: r is a rational function on X
OUTPUT:
list
- The divisor of r represented as a list of coefficients and points. (TODO: This will change to a more structural output in the future.)
EXAMPLES:
sage: FF = FiniteField(5) sage: P2 = ProjectiveSpace(2, FF, names = ['x','y','z']) sage: R = P2.coordinate_ring() sage: x, y, z = R.gens() sage: f = y^2*z^7 - x^9 - x*z^8 sage: C = Curve(f) sage: K = FractionField(R) sage: r = 1/x sage: C.divisor_of_function(r) # todo: not implemented !!!! [[-1, (0, 0, 1)]] sage: r = 1/x^3 sage: C.divisor_of_function(r) # todo: not implemented !!!! [[-3, (0, 0, 1)]]
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excellent_position
(Q)¶ Return a transformation of this curve into one in excellent position with respect to the point
Q
.Here excellent position is defined as in [Fulton89]. A curve \(C\) of degree \(d\) containing the point \((0 : 0 : 1)\) with multiplicity \(r\) is said to be in excellent position if none of the coordinate lines are tangent to \(C\) at any of the fundamental points \((1 : 0 : 0)\), \((0 : 1 : 0)\), and \((0 : 0 : 1)\), and if the two coordinate lines containing \((0 : 0 : 1)\) intersect \(C\) transversally in \(d - r\) distinct non-fundamental points, and if the other coordinate line intersects \(C\) transversally at \(d\) distinct, non-fundamental points.
INPUT:
Q
– a point on this curve.
OUPUT:
- a scheme morphism from this curve to a curve in excellent position that is a restriction of a change of coordinates map of the projective plane.
EXAMPLES:
sage: P.<x,y,z> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ, 2) sage: C = Curve([x*y - z^2], P) sage: Q = P([1,1,1]) sage: C.excellent_position(Q) Scheme morphism: From: Projective Plane Curve over Rational Field defined by x*y - z^2 To: Projective Plane Curve over Rational Field defined by -x^2 - 3*x*y - 4*y^2 - x*z - 3*y*z Defn: Defined on coordinates by sending (x : y : z) to (-x + 1/2*y + 1/2*z : -1/2*y + 1/2*z : x + 1/2*y - 1/2*z)
sage: R.<a> = QQ[] sage: K.<b> = NumberField(a^2 - 3) sage: P.<x,y,z> = ProjectiveSpace(K, 2) sage: C = P.curve([z^2*y^3*x^4 - y^6*x^3 - 4*z^2*y^4*x^3 - 4*z^4*y^2*x^3 + 3*y^7*x^2 + 10*z^2*y^5*x^2\ + 9*z^4*y^3*x^2 + 5*z^6*y*x^2 - 3*y^8*x - 9*z^2*y^6*x - 11*z^4*y^4*x - 7*z^6*y^2*x - 2*z^8*x + y^9 +\ 2*z^2*y^7 + 3*z^4*y^5 + 4*z^6*y^3 + 2*z^8*y]) sage: Q = P([1,0,0]) sage: C.excellent_position(Q) Scheme morphism: From: Projective Plane Curve over Number Field in b with defining polynomial a^2 - 3 defined by -x^3*y^6 + 3*x^2*y^7 - 3*x*y^8 + y^9 + x^4*y^3*z^2 - 4*x^3*y^4*z^2 + 10*x^2*y^5*z^2 - 9*x*y^6*z^2 + 2*y^7*z^2 - 4*x^3*y^2*z^4 + 9*x^2*y^3*z^4 - 11*x*y^4*z^4 + 3*y^5*z^4 + 5*x^2*y*z^6 - 7*x*y^2*z^6 + 4*y^3*z^6 - 2*x*z^8 + 2*y*z^8 To: Projective Plane Curve over Number Field in b with defining polynomial a^2 - 3 defined by 900*x^9 - 7410*x^8*y + 29282*x^7*y^2 - 69710*x^6*y^3 + 110818*x^5*y^4 - 123178*x^4*y^5 + 96550*x^3*y^6 - 52570*x^2*y^7 + 18194*x*y^8 - 3388*y^9 - 1550*x^8*z + 9892*x^7*y*z - 30756*x^6*y^2*z + 58692*x^5*y^3*z - 75600*x^4*y^4*z + 67916*x^3*y^5*z - 42364*x^2*y^6*z + 16844*x*y^7*z - 3586*y^8*z + 786*x^7*z^2 - 3958*x^6*y*z^2 + 9746*x^5*y^2*z^2 - 14694*x^4*y^3*z^2 + 15174*x^3*y^4*z^2 - 10802*x^2*y^5*z^2 + 5014*x*y^6*z^2 - 1266*y^7*z^2 - 144*x^6*z^3 + 512*x^5*y*z^3 - 912*x^4*y^2*z^3 + 1024*x^3*y^3*z^3 - 816*x^2*y^4*z^3 + 512*x*y^5*z^3 - 176*y^6*z^3 + 8*x^5*z^4 - 8*x^4*y*z^4 - 16*x^3*y^2*z^4 + 16*x^2*y^3*z^4 + 8*x*y^4*z^4 - 8*y^5*z^4 Defn: Defined on coordinates by sending (x : y : z) to (1/4*y + 1/2*z : -1/4*y + 1/2*z : x + 1/4*y - 1/2*z)
sage: set_verbose(-1) sage: a = QQbar(sqrt(2)) sage: P.<x,y,z> = ProjectiveSpace(QQbar, 2) sage: C = Curve([(-1/4*a)*x^3 + (-3/4*a)*x^2*y + (-3/4*a)*x*y^2 + (-1/4*a)*y^3 - 2*x*y*z], P) sage: Q = P([0,0,1]) sage: C.excellent_position(Q) Scheme morphism: From: Projective Plane Curve over Algebraic Field defined by (-0.3535533905932738?)*x^3 + (-1.060660171779822?)*x^2*y + (-1.060660171779822?)*x*y^2 + (-0.3535533905932738?)*y^3 + (-2)*x*y*z To: Projective Plane Curve over Algebraic Field defined by (-2.828427124746190?)*x^3 + (-2)*x^2*y + 2*y^3 + (-2)*x^2*z + 2*y^2*z Defn: Defined on coordinates by sending (x : y : z) to (1/2*x + 1/2*y : (-1/2)*x + 1/2*y : 1/2*x + (-1/2)*y + z)
REFERENCES:
[Fulton89] W. Fulton. Algebraic curves: an introduction to algebraic geometry. Addison-Wesley, Redwood City CA (1989).
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is_ordinary_singularity
(P)¶ Return whether the singular point
P
of this projective plane curve is an ordinary singularity.The point
P
is an ordinary singularity of this curve if it is a singular point, and if the tangents of this curve atP
are distinct.INPUT:
P
– a point on this curve.
OUTPUT:
- Boolean. True or False depending on whether
P
is or is not an ordinary singularity of this curve, respectively. An error is raised ifP
is not a singular point of this curve.
EXAMPLES:
sage: P.<x,y,z> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ, 2) sage: C = Curve([y^2*z^3 - x^5], P) sage: Q = P([0,0,1]) sage: C.is_ordinary_singularity(Q) False
sage: R.<a> = QQ[] sage: K.<b> = NumberField(a^2 - 3) sage: P.<x,y,z> = ProjectiveSpace(K, 2) sage: C = P.curve([x^2*y^3*z^4 - y^6*z^3 - 4*x^2*y^4*z^3 - 4*x^4*y^2*z^3 + 3*y^7*z^2 + 10*x^2*y^5*z^2\ + 9*x^4*y^3*z^2 + 5*x^6*y*z^2 - 3*y^8*z - 9*x^2*y^6*z - 11*x^4*y^4*z - 7*x^6*y^2*z - 2*x^8*z + y^9 +\ 2*x^2*y^7 + 3*x^4*y^5 + 4*x^6*y^3 + 2*x^8*y]) sage: Q = P([0,1,1]) sage: C.is_ordinary_singularity(Q) True
sage: P.<x,y,z> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ, 2) sage: C = P.curve([z^5 - y^5 + x^5 + x*y^2*z^2]) sage: Q = P([0,1,1]) sage: C.is_ordinary_singularity(Q) Traceback (most recent call last): ... TypeError: (=(0 : 1 : 1)) is not a singular point of (=Projective Plane Curve over Rational Field defined by x^5 - y^5 + x*y^2*z^2 + z^5)
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is_singular
(P=None)¶ Return whether this curve is singular or not, or if a point
P
is provided, whetherP
is a singular point of this curve.INPUT:
P
– (default: None) a point on this curve.
OUTPUT:
- Boolean. If no point
P
is provided, returns True of False depending on whether this curve is singular or not. If a pointP
is provided, returns True or False depending on whetherP
is or is not a singular point of this curve.
EXAMPLES:
Over \(\QQ\):
sage: F = QQ sage: P2.<X,Y,Z> = ProjectiveSpace(F,2) sage: C = Curve(X^3-Y^2*Z) sage: C.is_singular() True
Over a finite field:
sage: F = GF(19) sage: P2.<X,Y,Z> = ProjectiveSpace(F,2) sage: C = Curve(X^3+Y^3+Z^3) sage: C.is_singular() False sage: D = Curve(X^4-X*Z^3) sage: D.is_singular() True sage: E = Curve(X^5+19*Y^5+Z^5) sage: E.is_singular() True sage: E = Curve(X^5+9*Y^5+Z^5) sage: E.is_singular() False
Over \(\CC\):
sage: F = CC sage: P2.<X,Y,Z> = ProjectiveSpace(F,2) sage: C = Curve(X) sage: C.is_singular() False sage: D = Curve(Y^2*Z-X^3) sage: D.is_singular() True sage: E = Curve(Y^2*Z-X^3+Z^3) sage: E.is_singular() False
Showing that trac ticket #12187 is fixed:
sage: F.<X,Y,Z> = GF(2)[] sage: G = Curve(X^2+Y*Z) sage: G.is_singular() False
sage: P.<x,y,z> = ProjectiveSpace(CC, 2) sage: C = Curve([y^4 - x^3*z], P) sage: Q = P([0,0,1]) sage: C.is_singular() True
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is_transverse
(C, P)¶ Return whether the intersection of this curve with the curve
C
at the pointP
is transverse.The intersection at
P
is transverse ifP
is a nonsingular point of both curves, and if the tangents of the curves atP
are distinct.INPUT:
C
– a curve in the ambient space of this curve.P
– a point in the intersection of both curves.
OUTPUT: Boolean.
EXAMPLES:
sage: P.<x,y,z> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ, 2) sage: C = Curve([x^2 - y^2], P) sage: D = Curve([x - y], P) sage: Q = P([1,1,0]) sage: C.is_transverse(D, Q) False
sage: K = QuadraticField(-1) sage: P.<x,y,z> = ProjectiveSpace(K, 2) sage: C = Curve([y^2*z - K.0*x^3], P) sage: D = Curve([z*x + y^2], P) sage: Q = P([0,0,1]) sage: C.is_transverse(D, Q) False
sage: P.<x,y,z> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ, 2) sage: C = Curve([x^2 - 2*y^2 - 2*z^2], P) sage: D = Curve([y - z], P) sage: Q = P([2,1,1]) sage: C.is_transverse(D, Q) True
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local_coordinates
(pt, n)¶ Return local coordinates to precision n at the given point.
Behaviour is flaky - some choices of \(n\) are worst that others.INPUT:
pt
- an F-rational point on X which is not a point of ramification for the projection (x,y) - x.n
- the number of terms desired
OUTPUT: x = x0 + t y = y0 + power series in t
EXAMPLES:
sage: FF = FiniteField(5) sage: P2 = ProjectiveSpace(2, FF, names = ['x','y','z']) sage: x, y, z = P2.coordinate_ring().gens() sage: C = Curve(y^2*z^7-x^9-x*z^8) sage: pt = C([2,3,1]) sage: C.local_coordinates(pt,9) # todo: not implemented !!!! [2 + t, 3 + 3*t^2 + t^3 + 3*t^4 + 3*t^6 + 3*t^7 + t^8 + 2*t^9 + 3*t^11 + 3*t^12]
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ordinary_model
()¶ Return a birational map from this curve to a plane curve with only ordinary singularities.
Currently only implemented over number fields. If not all of the coordinates of the non-ordinary singularities of this curve are contained in its base field, then the domain and codomain of the map returned will be defined over an extension. This curve must be irreducible.
OUPUT:
- a scheme morphism from this curve to a curve with only ordinary singularities that defines a birational map between the two curves.
EXAMPLES:
sage: set_verbose(-1) sage: K = QuadraticField(3) sage: P.<x,y,z> = ProjectiveSpace(K, 2) sage: C = Curve([x^5 - K.0*y*z^4], P) sage: C.ordinary_model() Scheme morphism: From: Projective Plane Curve over Number Field in a with defining polynomial x^2 - 3 defined by x^5 + (-a)*y*z^4 To: Projective Plane Curve over Number Field in a with defining polynomial x^2 - 3 defined by (-a)*x^5*y + (-4*a)*x^4*y^2 + (-6*a)*x^3*y^3 + (-4*a)*x^2*y^4 + (-a)*x*y^5 + (-a - 1)*x^5*z + (-4*a + 5)*x^4*y*z + (-6*a - 10)*x^3*y^2*z + (-4*a + 10)*x^2*y^3*z + (-a - 5)*x*y^4*z + y^5*z Defn: Defined on coordinates by sending (x : y : z) to (-1/4*x^2 - 1/2*x*y + 1/2*x*z + 1/2*y*z - 1/4*z^2 : 1/4*x^2 + 1/2*x*y + 1/2*y*z - 1/4*z^2 : -1/4*x^2 + 1/4*z^2)
sage: set_verbose(-1) sage: P.<x,y,z> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ, 2) sage: C = Curve([y^2*z^2 - x^4 - x^3*z], P) sage: D = C.ordinary_model(); D # long time (2 seconds) Scheme morphism: From: Projective Plane Curve over Rational Field defined by -x^4 - x^3*z + y^2*z^2 To: Projective Plane Curve over Rational Field defined by 4*x^6*y^3 - 24*x^5*y^4 + 36*x^4*y^5 + 8*x^6*y^2*z - 40*x^5*y^3*z + 24*x^4*y^4*z + 72*x^3*y^5*z - 4*x^6*y*z^2 + 8*x^5*y^2*z^2 - 56*x^4*y^3*z^2 + 104*x^3*y^4*z^2 + 44*x^2*y^5*z^2 + 8*x^6*z^3 - 16*x^5*y*z^3 - 24*x^4*y^2*z^3 + 40*x^3*y^3*z^3 + 48*x^2*y^4*z^3 + 8*x*y^5*z^3 - 8*x^5*z^4 + 36*x^4*y*z^4 - 56*x^3*y^2*z^4 + 20*x^2*y^3*z^4 + 40*x*y^4*z^4 - 16*y^5*z^4 Defn: Defined on coordinates by sending (x : y : z) to (-3/64*x^4 + 9/64*x^2*y^2 - 3/32*x*y^3 - 1/16*x^3*z - 1/8*x^2*y*z + 1/4*x*y^2*z - 1/16*y^3*z - 1/8*x*y*z^2 + 1/16*y^2*z^2 : -1/64*x^4 + 3/64*x^2*y^2 - 1/32*x*y^3 + 1/16*x*y^2*z - 1/16*y^3*z + 1/16*y^2*z^2 : 3/64*x^4 - 3/32*x^3*y + 3/64*x^2*y^2 + 1/16*x^3*z - 3/16*x^2*y*z + 1/8*x*y^2*z - 1/8*x*y*z^2 + 1/16*y^2*z^2) sage: all([D.codomain().is_ordinary_singularity(Q) for Q in D.codomain().singular_points()]) # long time True
sage: set_verbose(-1) sage: P.<x,y,z> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ, 2) sage: C = Curve([(x^2 + y^2 - y*z - 2*z^2)*(y*z - x^2 + 2*z^2)*z + y^5], P) sage: C.ordinary_model() # long time (5 seconds) Scheme morphism: From: Projective Plane Curve over Number Field in a with defining polynomial y^2 - 2 defined by y^5 - x^4*z - x^2*y^2*z + 2*x^2*y*z^2 + y^3*z^2 + 4*x^2*z^3 + y^2*z^3 - 4*y*z^4 - 4*z^5 To: Projective Plane Curve over Number Field in a with defining polynomial y^2 - 2 defined by (-29*a + 1)*x^8*y^6 + (10*a + 158)*x^7*y^7 + (-109*a - 31)*x^6*y^8 + (-80*a - 198)*x^8*y^5*z + (531*a + 272)*x^7*y^6*z + (170*a - 718)*x^6*y^7*z + (19*a - 636)*x^5*y^8*z + (-200*a - 628)*x^8*y^4*z^2 + (1557*a - 114)*x^7*y^5*z^2 + (2197*a - 2449)*x^6*y^6*z^2 + (1223*a - 3800)*x^5*y^7*z^2 + (343*a - 1329)*x^4*y^8*z^2 + (-323*a - 809)*x^8*y^3*z^3 + (1630*a - 631)*x^7*y^4*z^3 + (4190*a - 3126)*x^6*y^5*z^3 + (3904*a - 7110)*x^5*y^6*z^3 + (1789*a - 5161)*x^4*y^7*z^3 + (330*a - 1083)*x^3*y^8*z^3 + (-259*a - 524)*x^8*y^2*z^4 + (720*a - 605)*x^7*y^3*z^4 + (3082*a - 2011)*x^6*y^4*z^4 + (4548*a - 5462)*x^5*y^5*z^4 + (2958*a - 6611)*x^4*y^6*z^4 + (994*a - 2931)*x^3*y^7*z^4 + (117*a - 416)*x^2*y^8*z^4 + (-108*a - 184)*x^8*y*z^5 + (169*a - 168)*x^7*y^2*z^5 + (831*a - 835)*x^6*y^3*z^5 + (2225*a - 1725)*x^5*y^4*z^5 + (1970*a - 3316)*x^4*y^5*z^5 + (952*a - 2442)*x^3*y^6*z^5 + (217*a - 725)*x^2*y^7*z^5 + (16*a - 77)*x*y^8*z^5 + (-23*a - 35)*x^8*z^6 + (43*a + 24)*x^7*y*z^6 + (21*a - 198)*x^6*y^2*z^6 + (377*a - 179)*x^5*y^3*z^6 + (458*a - 537)*x^4*y^4*z^6 + (288*a - 624)*x^3*y^5*z^6 + (100*a - 299)*x^2*y^6*z^6 + (16*a - 67)*x*y^7*z^6 - 5*y^8*z^6 Defn: Defined on coordinates by sending (x : y : z) to ((-5/128*a - 5/128)*x^4 + (-5/32*a + 5/32)*x^3*y + (-1/16*a + 3/32)*x^2*y^2 + (1/16*a - 1/16)*x*y^3 + (1/32*a - 1/32)*y^4 - 1/32*x^3*z + (3/16*a - 5/8)*x^2*y*z + (1/8*a - 5/16)*x*y^2*z + (1/8*a + 5/32)*x^2*z^2 + (-3/16*a + 5/16)*x*y*z^2 + (-3/16*a - 1/16)*y^2*z^2 + 1/16*x*z^3 + (1/4*a + 1/4)*y*z^3 + (-3/32*a - 5/32)*z^4 : (-5/128*a - 5/128)*x^4 + (5/32*a)*x^3*y + (3/32*a + 3/32)*x^2*y^2 + (-1/16*a)*x*y^3 + (-1/32*a - 1/32)*y^4 - 1/32*x^3*z + (-11/32*a)*x^2*y*z + (1/8*a + 5/16)*x*y^2*z + (3/16*a + 1/4)*y^3*z + (1/8*a + 5/32)*x^2*z^2 + (-1/16*a - 3/8)*x*y*z^2 + (-3/8*a - 9/16)*y^2*z^2 + 1/16*x*z^3 + (5/16*a + 1/2)*y*z^3 + (-3/32*a - 5/32)*z^4 : (1/64*a + 3/128)*x^4 + (-1/32*a - 1/32)*x^3*y + (3/32*a - 9/32)*x^2*y^2 + (1/16*a - 3/16)*x*y^3 - 1/32*y^4 + (3/32*a + 1/8)*x^2*y*z + (-1/8*a + 1/8)*x*y^2*z + (-1/16*a)*y^3*z + (-1/16*a - 3/32)*x^2*z^2 + (1/16*a + 1/16)*x*y*z^2 + (3/16*a + 3/16)*y^2*z^2 + (-3/16*a - 1/4)*y*z^3 + (1/16*a + 3/32)*z^4)
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plot
(*args, **kwds)¶ Plot the real points of an affine patch of this projective plane curve.
INPUT:
self
- an affine plane curvepatch
- (optional) the affine patch to be plotted; if not specified, the patch corresponding to the last projective coordinate being nonzero*args
- optional tuples (variable, minimum, maximum) for plotting dimensions**kwds
- optional keyword arguments passed on toimplicit_plot
EXAMPLES:
A cuspidal curve:
sage: R.<x, y, z> = QQ[] sage: C = Curve(x^3 - y^2*z) sage: C.plot() Graphics object consisting of 1 graphics primitive
The other affine patches of the same curve:
sage: C.plot(patch=0) Graphics object consisting of 1 graphics primitive sage: C.plot(patch=1) Graphics object consisting of 1 graphics primitive
An elliptic curve:
sage: E = EllipticCurve('101a') sage: C = Curve(E) sage: C.plot() Graphics object consisting of 1 graphics primitive sage: C.plot(patch=0) Graphics object consisting of 1 graphics primitive sage: C.plot(patch=1) Graphics object consisting of 1 graphics primitive
A hyperelliptic curve:
sage: P.<x> = QQ[] sage: f = 4*x^5 - 30*x^3 + 45*x - 22 sage: C = HyperellipticCurve(f) sage: C.plot() Graphics object consisting of 1 graphics primitive sage: C.plot(patch=0) Graphics object consisting of 1 graphics primitive sage: C.plot(patch=1) Graphics object consisting of 1 graphics primitive
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quadratic_transform
()¶ Return a birational map from this curve to the proper transform of this curve with respect to the standard Cremona transformation.
The standard Cremona transformation is the birational automorphism of \(\mathbb{P}^{2}\) defined \((x : y : z)\mapsto (yz : xz : xy)\).
OUTPUT:
- a scheme morphism representing the restriction of the standard Cremona transformation from this curve to the proper transform.
EXAMPLES:
sage: P.<x,y,z> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ, 2) sage: C = Curve(x^3*y - z^4 - z^2*x^2, P) sage: C.quadratic_transform() Scheme morphism: From: Projective Plane Curve over Rational Field defined by x^3*y - x^2*z^2 - z^4 To: Projective Plane Curve over Rational Field defined by -x^3*y - x*y*z^2 + z^4 Defn: Defined on coordinates by sending (x : y : z) to (y*z : x*z : x*y)
sage: P.<x,y,z> = ProjectiveSpace(GF(17), 2) sage: C = P.curve([y^7*z^2 - 16*x^9 + x*y*z^7 + 2*z^9]) sage: C.quadratic_transform() Scheme morphism: From: Projective Plane Curve over Finite Field of size 17 defined by x^9 + y^7*z^2 + x*y*z^7 + 2*z^9 To: Projective Plane Curve over Finite Field of size 17 defined by 2*x^9*y^7 + x^8*y^6*z^2 + x^9*z^7 + y^7*z^9 Defn: Defined on coordinates by sending (x : y : z) to (y*z : x*z : x*y)
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rational_parameterization
()¶ Return a rational parameterization of this curve.
This curve must have rational coefficients and be absolutely irreducible (i.e. irreducible over the algebraic closure of the rational field). The curve must also be rational (have geometric genus zero).
The rational parameterization may have coefficients in a quadratic extension of the rational field.
OUTPUT:
- a birational map between \(\mathbb{P}^{1}\) and this curve, given as a scheme morphism.
EXAMPLES:
sage: P.<x,y,z> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ, 2) sage: C = Curve([y^2*z - x^3], P) sage: C.rational_parameterization() Scheme morphism: From: Projective Space of dimension 1 over Rational Field To: Projective Plane Curve over Rational Field defined by -x^3 + y^2*z Defn: Defined on coordinates by sending (s : t) to (s^2*t : s^3 : t^3)
sage: P.<x,y,z> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ, 2) sage: C = Curve([x^3 - 4*y*z^2 + x*z^2 - x*y*z], P) sage: C.rational_parameterization() Scheme morphism: From: Projective Space of dimension 1 over Rational Field To: Projective Plane Curve over Rational Field defined by x^3 - x*y*z + x*z^2 - 4*y*z^2 Defn: Defined on coordinates by sending (s : t) to (4*s^2*t + s*t^2 : s^2*t + t^3 : 4*s^3 + s^2*t)
sage: P.<x,y,z> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ, 2) sage: C = Curve([x^2 + y^2 + z^2], P) sage: C.rational_parameterization() Scheme morphism: From: Projective Space of dimension 1 over Number Field in a with defining polynomial a^2 + 1 To: Projective Plane Curve over Number Field in a with defining polynomial a^2 + 1 defined by x^2 + y^2 + z^2 Defn: Defined on coordinates by sending (s : t) to ((-a)*s^2 + (-a)*t^2 : s^2 - t^2 : 2*s*t)
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tangents
(P, factor=True)¶ Return the tangents of this projective plane curve at the point
P
.These are found by homogenizing the tangents of an affine patch of this curve containing
P
. The pointP
must be a point on this curve.INPUT:
P
– a point on this curve.factor
– (default: True) whether to attempt computing the polynomials of the individual tangent lines over the base field of this curve, or to just return the polynomial corresponding to the union of the tangent lines (which requires fewer computations).
OUTPUT:
- a list of polynomials in the coordinate ring of the ambient space of this curve.
EXAMPLES:
sage: set_verbose(-1) sage: P.<x,y,z> = ProjectiveSpace(QQbar, 2) sage: C = Curve([x^3*y + 2*x^2*y^2 + x*y^3 + x^3*z + 7*x^2*y*z + 14*x*y^2*z + 9*y^3*z], P) sage: Q = P([0,0,1]) sage: C.tangents(Q) [x + 4.147899035704788?*y, x + (1.426050482147607? + 0.3689894074818041?*I)*y, x + (1.426050482147607? - 0.3689894074818041?*I)*y] sage: C.tangents(Q, factor=False) [6*x^3 + 42*x^2*y + 84*x*y^2 + 54*y^3]
sage: P.<x,y,z> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ,2) sage: C = P.curve([x^2*y^3*z^4 - y^6*z^3 - 4*x^2*y^4*z^3 - 4*x^4*y^2*z^3 + 3*y^7*z^2 +\ 10*x^2*y^5*z^2 + 9*x^4*y^3*z^2 + 5*x^6*y*z^2 - 3*y^8*z - 9*x^2*y^6*z - 11*x^4*y^4*z -\ 7*x^6*y^2*z - 2*x^8*z + y^9 + 2*x^2*y^7 + 3*x^4*y^5 + 4*x^6*y^3 + 2*x^8*y]) sage: Q = P([0,1,1]) sage: C.tangents(Q) [-y + z, 3*x^2 - y^2 + 2*y*z - z^2]
sage: P.<x,y,z> = ProjectiveSpace(QQ, 2) sage: C = P.curve([z^3*x + y^4 - x^2*z^2]) sage: Q = P([1,1,1]) sage: C.tangents(Q) Traceback (most recent call last): ... TypeError: (=(1 : 1 : 1)) is not a point on (=Projective Plane Curve over Rational Field defined by y^4 - x^2*z^2 + x*z^3)
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class
sage.schemes.curves.projective_curve.
ProjectivePlaneCurve_finite_field
(A, f)¶ Bases:
sage.schemes.curves.projective_curve.ProjectivePlaneCurve
Initialization function.
EXAMPLES:
sage: P.<x,y,z> = ProjectiveSpace(QQbar, 2) sage: C = Curve([y*z - x^2 - QQbar.gen()*z^2], P); C Projective Plane Curve over Algebraic Field defined by -x^2 + y*z + (-I)*z^2
sage: P.<x,y,z> = ProjectiveSpace(GF(5^2, 'v'), 2) sage: C = Curve([y^2*z - x*z^2 - z^3], P); C Projective Plane Curve over Finite Field in v of size 5^2 defined by y^2*z - x*z^2 - z^3
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rational_points
(algorithm='enum', sort=True)¶ Return the rational points on this curve computed via enumeration.
INPUT:
algorithm
(string, default: ‘enum’) – the algorithm to use. Currently this is ignored.sort
(boolean, defaultTrue
) – whether the output points should be sorted. If False, the order of the output is non-deterministic.
OUTPUT:
A list of all the rational points on the curve defined over its base field, possibly sorted.
Note
This is a slow Python-level implementation.
EXAMPLES:
sage: F = GF(7) sage: P2.<X,Y,Z> = ProjectiveSpace(F,2) sage: C = Curve(X^3+Y^3-Z^3) sage: C.rational_points() [(0 : 1 : 1), (0 : 2 : 1), (0 : 4 : 1), (1 : 0 : 1), (2 : 0 : 1), (3 : 1 : 0), (4 : 0 : 1), (5 : 1 : 0), (6 : 1 : 0)]
sage: F = GF(1237) sage: P2.<X,Y,Z> = ProjectiveSpace(F,2) sage: C = Curve(X^7+7*Y^6*Z+Z^4*X^2*Y*89) sage: len(C.rational_points()) 1237
sage: F = GF(2^6,'a') sage: P2.<X,Y,Z> = ProjectiveSpace(F,2) sage: C = Curve(X^5+11*X*Y*Z^3 + X^2*Y^3 - 13*Y^2*Z^3) sage: len(C.rational_points()) 104
sage: R.<x,y,z> = GF(2)[] sage: f = x^3*y + y^3*z + x*z^3 sage: C = Curve(f); pts = C.rational_points() sage: pts [(0 : 0 : 1), (0 : 1 : 0), (1 : 0 : 0)]
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rational_points_iterator
()¶ Return a generator object for the rational points on this curve.
INPUT:
self
– a projective curve
OUTPUT:
A generator of all the rational points on the curve defined over its base field.
EXAMPLE:
sage: F = GF(37) sage: P2.<X,Y,Z> = ProjectiveSpace(F,2) sage: C = Curve(X^7+Y*X*Z^5*55+Y^7*12) sage: len(list(C.rational_points_iterator())) 37
sage: F = GF(2) sage: P2.<X,Y,Z> = ProjectiveSpace(F,2) sage: C = Curve(X*Y*Z) sage: a = C.rational_points_iterator() sage: next(a) (1 : 0 : 0) sage: next(a) (0 : 1 : 0) sage: next(a) (1 : 1 : 0) sage: next(a) (0 : 0 : 1) sage: next(a) (1 : 0 : 1) sage: next(a) (0 : 1 : 1) sage: next(a) Traceback (most recent call last): ... StopIteration
sage: F = GF(3^2,'a') sage: P2.<X,Y,Z> = ProjectiveSpace(F,2) sage: C = Curve(X^3+5*Y^2*Z-33*X*Y*X) sage: b = C.rational_points_iterator() sage: next(b) (0 : 1 : 0) sage: next(b) (0 : 0 : 1) sage: next(b) (2*a + 2 : a : 1) sage: next(b) (2 : a + 1 : 1) sage: next(b) (a + 1 : 2*a + 1 : 1) sage: next(b) (1 : 2 : 1) sage: next(b) (2*a + 2 : 2*a : 1) sage: next(b) (2 : 2*a + 2 : 1) sage: next(b) (a + 1 : a + 2 : 1) sage: next(b) (1 : 1 : 1) sage: next(b) Traceback (most recent call last): ... StopIteration
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class
sage.schemes.curves.projective_curve.
ProjectivePlaneCurve_prime_finite_field
(A, f)¶ Bases:
sage.schemes.curves.projective_curve.ProjectivePlaneCurve_finite_field
Initialization function.
EXAMPLES:
sage: P.<x,y,z> = ProjectiveSpace(QQbar, 2) sage: C = Curve([y*z - x^2 - QQbar.gen()*z^2], P); C Projective Plane Curve over Algebraic Field defined by -x^2 + y*z + (-I)*z^2
sage: P.<x,y,z> = ProjectiveSpace(GF(5^2, 'v'), 2) sage: C = Curve([y^2*z - x*z^2 - z^3], P); C Projective Plane Curve over Finite Field in v of size 5^2 defined by y^2*z - x*z^2 - z^3
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rational_points
(algorithm='enum', sort=True)¶ INPUT:
algorithm
- string:'enum'
- straightforward enumeration'bn'
- via Singular’s brnoeth package.
EXAMPLE:
sage: x, y, z = PolynomialRing(GF(5), 3, 'xyz').gens() sage: f = y^2*z^7 - x^9 - x*z^8 sage: C = Curve(f); C Projective Plane Curve over Finite Field of size 5 defined by -x^9 + y^2*z^7 - x*z^8 sage: C.rational_points() [(0 : 0 : 1), (0 : 1 : 0), (2 : 2 : 1), (2 : 3 : 1), (3 : 1 : 1), (3 : 4 : 1)] sage: C = Curve(x - y + z) sage: C.rational_points() [(0 : 1 : 1), (1 : 1 : 0), (1 : 2 : 1), (2 : 3 : 1), (3 : 4 : 1), (4 : 0 : 1)] sage: C = Curve(x*z+z^2) sage: C.rational_points('all') [(0 : 1 : 0), (1 : 0 : 0), (1 : 1 : 0), (2 : 1 : 0), (3 : 1 : 0), (4 : 0 : 1), (4 : 1 : 0), (4 : 1 : 1), (4 : 2 : 1), (4 : 3 : 1), (4 : 4 : 1)]
Note
The Brill-Noether package does not always work (i.e., the ‘bn’ algorithm. When it fails a RuntimeError exception is raised.
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riemann_roch_basis
(D)¶ Return a basis for the Riemann-Roch space corresponding to \(D\).
This uses Singular’s Brill-Noether implementation.
INPUT:
D
- a divisor
OUTPUT:
A list of function field elements that form a basis of the Riemann-Roch space
EXAMPLE:
sage: R.<x,y,z> = GF(2)[] sage: f = x^3*y + y^3*z + x*z^3 sage: C = Curve(f); pts = C.rational_points() sage: D = C.divisor([ (4, pts[0]), (4, pts[2]) ]) sage: C.riemann_roch_basis(D) [x/y, 1, z/y, z^2/y^2, z/x, z^2/(x*y)]
sage: R.<x,y,z> = GF(5)[] sage: f = x^7 + y^7 + z^7 sage: C = Curve(f); pts = C.rational_points() sage: D = C.divisor([ (3, pts[0]), (-1,pts[1]), (10, pts[5]) ]) sage: C.riemann_roch_basis(D) [(-2*x + y)/(x + y), (-x + z)/(x + y)]
Note
Currently this only works over prime field and divisors supported on rational points.
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