Topological Manifolds¶
Given a topological field \(K\) (in most applications, \(K = \RR\) or \(K = \CC\)) and a non-negative integer \(n\), a topological manifold of dimension \(n\) over K is a topological space \(M\) such that
- \(M\) is a Hausdorff space,
- \(M\) is second countable,
- every point in \(M\) has a neighborhood homeomorphic to \(K^n\).
Topological manifolds are implemented via the class
TopologicalManifold
. Open subsets of topological manifolds
are also implemented via TopologicalManifold
, since they are
topological manifolds by themselves.
In the current setting, topological manifolds are mostly described by
means of charts (see Chart
).
TopologicalManifold
serves as a base class for more specific
manifold classes.
The user interface is provided by the generic function
Manifold()
, with
with the argument structure
set to 'topological'
.
Example 1: the 2-sphere as a topological manifold of dimension 2 over \(\RR\)
One starts by declaring \(S^2\) as a 2-dimensional topological manifold:
sage: M = Manifold(2, 'S^2', structure='topological')
sage: M
2-dimensional topological manifold S^2
Since the base topological field has not been specified in the argument list
of Manifold
, \(\RR\) is assumed:
sage: M.base_field()
Real Field with 53 bits of precision
sage: dim(M)
2
Let us consider the complement of a point, the “North pole” say; this is an open subset of \(S^2\), which we call \(U\):
sage: U = M.open_subset('U'); U
Open subset U of the 2-dimensional topological manifold S^2
A standard chart on \(U\) is provided by the stereographic projection from the North pole to the equatorial plane:
sage: stereoN.<x,y> = U.chart(); stereoN
Chart (U, (x, y))
Thanks to the operator <x,y>
on the left-hand side, the coordinates
declared in a chart (here \(x\) and \(y\)), are accessible by their names;
they are Sage’s symbolic variables:
sage: y
y
sage: type(y)
<type 'sage.symbolic.expression.Expression'>
The South pole is the point of coordinates \((x, y) = (0, 0)\) in the above chart:
sage: S = U.point((0,0), chart=stereoN, name='S'); S
Point S on the 2-dimensional topological manifold S^2
Let us call \(V\) the open subset that is the complement of the South pole and let us introduce on it the chart induced by the stereographic projection from the South pole to the equatorial plane:
sage: V = M.open_subset('V'); V
Open subset V of the 2-dimensional topological manifold S^2
sage: stereoS.<u,v> = V.chart(); stereoS
Chart (V, (u, v))
The North pole is the point of coordinates \((u, v) = (0, 0)\) in this chart:
sage: N = V.point((0,0), chart=stereoS, name='N'); N
Point N on the 2-dimensional topological manifold S^2
To fully construct the manifold, we declare that it is the union of \(U\) and \(V\):
sage: M.declare_union(U,V)
and we provide the transition map between the charts stereoN
=
\((U, (x, y))\) and stereoS
= \((V, (u, v))\), denoting by \(W\) the
intersection of \(U\) and \(V\) (\(W\) is the subset of \(U\) defined by
\(x^2 + y^2 \neq 0\), as well as the subset of \(V\) defined by
\(u^2 + v^2 \neq 0\)):
sage: stereoN_to_S = stereoN.transition_map(stereoS, [x/(x^2+y^2), y/(x^2+y^2)],
....: intersection_name='W', restrictions1= x^2+y^2!=0,
....: restrictions2= u^2+v^2!=0)
sage: stereoN_to_S
Change of coordinates from Chart (W, (x, y)) to Chart (W, (u, v))
sage: stereoN_to_S.display()
u = x/(x^2 + y^2)
v = y/(x^2 + y^2)
We give the name W
to the Python variable representing \(W = U \cap V\):
sage: W = U.intersection(V)
The inverse of the transition map is computed by the method
sage.manifolds.chart.CoordChange.inverse()
:
sage: stereoN_to_S.inverse()
Change of coordinates from Chart (W, (u, v)) to Chart (W, (x, y))
sage: stereoN_to_S.inverse().display()
x = u/(u^2 + v^2)
y = v/(u^2 + v^2)
At this stage, we have four open subsets on \(S^2\):
sage: M.list_of_subsets()
[2-dimensional topological manifold S^2,
Open subset U of the 2-dimensional topological manifold S^2,
Open subset V of the 2-dimensional topological manifold S^2,
Open subset W of the 2-dimensional topological manifold S^2]
\(W\) is the open subset that is the complement of the two poles:
sage: N in W or S in W
False
The North pole lies in \(V\) and the South pole in \(U\):
sage: N in V, N in U
(True, False)
sage: S in U, S in V
(True, False)
The manifold’s (user) atlas contains four charts, two of them being restrictions of charts to a smaller domain:
sage: M.atlas()
[Chart (U, (x, y)), Chart (V, (u, v)),
Chart (W, (x, y)), Chart (W, (u, v))]
Let us consider the point of coordinates \((1, 2)\) in the chart stereoN
:
sage: p = M.point((1,2), chart=stereoN, name='p'); p
Point p on the 2-dimensional topological manifold S^2
sage: p.parent()
2-dimensional topological manifold S^2
sage: p in W
True
The coordinates of \(p\) in the chart stereoS
are computed by letting
the chart act on the point:
sage: stereoS(p)
(1/5, 2/5)
Given the definition of \(p\), we have of course:
sage: stereoN(p)
(1, 2)
Similarly:
sage: stereoS(N)
(0, 0)
sage: stereoN(S)
(0, 0)
A continuous map \(S^2 \to \RR\) (scalar field):
sage: f = M.scalar_field({stereoN: atan(x^2+y^2), stereoS: pi/2-atan(u^2+v^2)},
....: name='f')
sage: f
Scalar field f on the 2-dimensional topological manifold S^2
sage: f.display()
f: S^2 --> R
on U: (x, y) |--> arctan(x^2 + y^2)
on V: (u, v) |--> 1/2*pi - arctan(u^2 + v^2)
sage: f(p)
arctan(5)
sage: f(N)
1/2*pi
sage: f(S)
0
sage: f.parent()
Algebra of scalar fields on the 2-dimensional topological manifold S^2
sage: f.parent().category()
Category of commutative algebras over Symbolic Ring
Example 2: the Riemann sphere as a topological manifold of dimension 1 over \(\CC\)
We declare the Riemann sphere \(\CC^*\) as a 1-dimensional topological manifold over \(\CC\):
sage: M = Manifold(1, 'C*', structure='topological', field='complex'); M
Complex 1-dimensional topological manifold C*
We introduce a first open subset, which is actually \(\CC = \CC^*\setminus\{\infty\}\) if we interpret \(\CC^*\) as the Alexandroff one-point compactification of \(\CC\):
sage: U = M.open_subset('U')
A natural chart on \(U\) is then nothing but the identity map of \(\CC\), hence we denote the associated coordinate by \(z\):
sage: Z.<z> = U.chart()
The origin of the complex plane is the point of coordinate \(z = 0\):
sage: O = U.point((0,), chart=Z, name='O'); O
Point O on the Complex 1-dimensional topological manifold C*
Another open subset of \(\CC^*\) is \(V = \CC^*\setminus\{O\}\):
sage: V = M.open_subset('V')
We define a chart on \(V\) such that the point at infinity is the point of coordinate \(0\) in this chart:
sage: W.<w> = V.chart(); W
Chart (V, (w,))
sage: inf = M.point((0,), chart=W, name='inf', latex_name=r'\infty')
sage: inf
Point inf on the Complex 1-dimensional topological manifold C*
To fully construct the Riemann sphere, we declare that it is the union of \(U\) and \(V\):
sage: M.declare_union(U,V)
and we provide the transition map between the two charts as \(w = 1 / z\) on \(A = U \cap V\):
sage: Z_to_W = Z.transition_map(W, 1/z, intersection_name='A',
....: restrictions1= z!=0, restrictions2= w!=0)
sage: Z_to_W
Change of coordinates from Chart (A, (z,)) to Chart (A, (w,))
sage: Z_to_W.display()
w = 1/z
sage: Z_to_W.inverse()
Change of coordinates from Chart (A, (w,)) to Chart (A, (z,))
sage: Z_to_W.inverse().display()
z = 1/w
Let consider the complex number \(i\) as a point of the Riemann sphere:
sage: i = M((I,), chart=Z, name='i'); i
Point i on the Complex 1-dimensional topological manifold C*
Its coordinates w.r.t. the charts Z
and W
are:
sage: Z(i)
(I,)
sage: W(i)
(-I,)
and we have:
sage: i in U
True
sage: i in V
True
The following subsets and charts have been defined:
sage: M.list_of_subsets()
[Open subset A of the Complex 1-dimensional topological manifold C*,
Complex 1-dimensional topological manifold C*,
Open subset U of the Complex 1-dimensional topological manifold C*,
Open subset V of the Complex 1-dimensional topological manifold C*]
sage: M.atlas()
[Chart (U, (z,)), Chart (V, (w,)), Chart (A, (z,)), Chart (A, (w,))]
A constant map \(\CC^* \rightarrow \CC\):
sage: f = M.constant_scalar_field(3+2*I, name='f'); f
Scalar field f on the Complex 1-dimensional topological manifold C*
sage: f.display()
f: C* --> C
on U: z |--> 2*I + 3
on V: w |--> 2*I + 3
sage: f(O)
2*I + 3
sage: f(i)
2*I + 3
sage: f(inf)
2*I + 3
sage: f.parent()
Algebra of scalar fields on the Complex 1-dimensional topological
manifold C*
sage: f.parent().category()
Category of commutative algebras over Symbolic Ring
AUTHORS:
- Eric Gourgoulhon (2015): initial version
- Travis Scrimshaw (2015): structure described via
TopologicalStructure
orRealTopologicalStructure
REFERENCES:
[Lee11] | J.M. Lee : Introduction to Topological Manifolds, 2nd ed., Springer (New York) (2011). |
[Lee13] | J.M. Lee : Introduction to Smooth Manifolds, 2nd ed., Springer (New York) (2013) |
[KN63] | S. Kobayashi & K. Nomizu : Foundations of Differential Geometry, vol. 1, Interscience Publishers (New York) (1963). |
[Huybrechts05] | D. Huybrechts : Complex Geometry, Springer (Berlin) (2005). |
-
sage.manifolds.manifold.
Manifold
(dim, name, latex_name=None, field='real', structure='smooth', start_index=0, **extra_kwds)¶ Construct a manifold of a given type over a topological field \(K\).
Given a topological field \(K\) (in most applications, \(K = \RR\) or \(K = \CC\)) and a non-negative integer \(n\), a topological manifold of dimension \(n\) over K is a topological space \(M\) such that
- \(M\) is a Hausdorff space,
- \(M\) is second countable, and
- every point in \(M\) has a neighborhood homeomorphic to \(K^n\).
A real manifold is a manifold over \(\RR\). A differentiable (resp. smooth, resp. analytic) is a real manifold such that all transition maps are differentiable (resp. smooth, resp. analytic).
INPUT:
dim
– positive integer; dimension of the manifoldname
– string; name (symbol) given to the manifoldlatex_name
– (default:None
) string; LaTeX symbol to denote the manifold; if none are provided, it is set toname
field
– (default:'real'
) field \(K\) on which the manifold is defined; allowed values are'real'
or an object of typeRealField
(e.g.RR
) for a manifold over \(\RR\)'complex'
or an object of typeComplexField
(e.g.CC
) for a manifold over \(\CC\)- an object in the category of topological fields (see
Fields
andTopologicalSpaces
) for other types of manifolds
structure
– (default:'smooth'
) to specify the structure or type of manifold; allowed values are'topological'
or'top'
for a topological manifold'differentiable'
or'diff'
for a differentiable manifold'smooth'
for a smooth manifold'analytic'
for an analytic manifold
start_index
– (default: 0) integer; lower value of the range of indices used for “indexed objects” on the manifold, e.g. coordinates in a chartextra_kwds
– keywords meaningful only for some specific types of manifolds
OUTPUT:
- a manifold of the specified type, as an instance of
TopologicalManifold
or one of its subclasses, e.g.DifferentiableManifold
EXAMPLES:
A 3-dimensional real topological manifold:
sage: M = Manifold(3, 'M', structure='topological'); M 3-dimensional topological manifold M
Given the default value of the parameter
field
, the above is equivalent to:sage: M = Manifold(3, 'M', structure='topological', field='real'); M 3-dimensional topological manifold M
A complex topological manifold:
sage: M = Manifold(3, 'M', structure='topological', field='complex'); M Complex 3-dimensional topological manifold M
A topological manifold over \(\QQ\):
sage: M = Manifold(3, 'M', structure='topological', field=QQ); M 3-dimensional topological manifold M over the Rational Field
A 3-dimensional real differentiable manifold of class \(C^4\):
sage: M = Manifold(3, 'M', field='real', structure='differentiable', ....: diff_degree=4); M 3-dimensional differentiable manifold M
Since the default value of the parameter
field
is'real'
, the above is equivalent to:sage: M = Manifold(3, 'M', structure='differentiable', diff_degree=4) sage: M 3-dimensional differentiable manifold M sage: M.base_field_type() 'real'
A 3-dimensional real smooth manifold:
sage: M = Manifold(3, 'M', structure='differentiable', diff_degree=+oo) sage: M 3-dimensional differentiable manifold M
Instead of
structure='differentiable', diff_degree=+oo
, it suffices to usestructure='smooth'
to get the same result:sage: M = Manifold(3, 'M', structure='smooth'); M 3-dimensional differentiable manifold M sage: M.diff_degree() +Infinity
Actually, since
'smooth'
is the default value of the parameterstructure
, the creation of a real smooth manifold can be shorten to:sage: M = Manifold(3, 'M'); M 3-dimensional differentiable manifold M sage: M.diff_degree() +Infinity
For a complex smooth manifold, we have to set the parameter
field
:sage: M = Manifold(3, 'M', field='complex'); M 3-dimensional complex manifold M sage: M.diff_degree() +Infinity
See the documentation of classes
TopologicalManifold
andDifferentiableManifold
for more detailed examples.Uniqueness of manifold objects
Suppose we construct a manifold named \(M\):
sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='topological') sage: X.<x,y> = M.chart()
At some point, we change our mind and would like to restart with a new manifold, using the same name \(M\) and keeping the previous manifold for reference:
sage: M_old = M # for reference sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='topological')
This results in a brand new object:
sage: M.atlas() []
The object
M_old
is intact:sage: M_old.atlas() [Chart (M, (x, y))]
Both objects have the same display:
sage: M 2-dimensional topological manifold M sage: M_old 2-dimensional topological manifold M
but they are different:
sage: M != M_old True
Let us introduce a chart on
M
, using the same coordinate symbols as forM_old
:sage: X.<x,y> = M.chart()
The charts are displayed in the same way:
sage: M.atlas() [Chart (M, (x, y))] sage: M_old.atlas() [Chart (M, (x, y))]
but they are actually different:
sage: M.atlas()[0] != M_old.atlas()[0] True
Moreover, the two manifolds
M
andM_old
are still considered distinct:sage: M != M_old True
This reflects the fact that the equality of manifold objects holds only for identical objects, i.e. one has
M1 == M2
if, and only if,M1 is M2
. Actually, the manifold classes inherit fromWithEqualityById
:sage: isinstance(M, sage.misc.fast_methods.WithEqualityById) True
-
class
sage.manifolds.manifold.
TopologicalManifold
(n, name, field, structure, ambient=None, latex_name=None, start_index=0, category=None, unique_tag=None)¶ Bases:
sage.manifolds.subset.ManifoldSubset
Topological manifold over a topological field \(K\).
Given a topological field \(K\) (in most applications, \(K = \RR\) or \(K = \CC\)) and a non-negative integer \(n\), a topological manifold of dimension \(n\) over K is a topological space \(M\) such that
- \(M\) is a Hausdorff space,
- \(M\) is second countable, and
- every point in \(M\) has a neighborhood homeomorphic to \(K^n\).
This is a Sage parent class, the corresponding element class being
ManifoldPoint
.INPUT:
n
– positive integer; dimension of the manifoldname
– string; name (symbol) given to the manifoldfield
– field \(K\) on which the manifold is defined; allowed values are'real'
or an object of typeRealField
(e.g.,RR
) for a manifold over \(\RR\)'complex'
or an object of typeComplexField
(e.g.,CC
) for a manifold over \(\CC\)- an object in the category of topological fields (see
Fields
andTopologicalSpaces
) for other types of manifolds
structure
– manifold structure (seeTopologicalStructure
orRealTopologicalStructure
)ambient
– (default:None
) if notNone
, must be a topological manifold; the created object is then an open subset ofambient
latex_name
– (default:None
) string; LaTeX symbol to denote the manifold; if none are provided, it is set toname
start_index
– (default: 0) integer; lower value of the range of indices used for “indexed objects” on the manifold, e.g., coordinates in a chartcategory
– (default:None
) to specify the category; ifNone
,Manifolds(field)
is assumed (see the categoryManifolds
)unique_tag
– (default:None
) tag used to force the construction of a new object when all the other arguments have been used previously (withoutunique_tag
, theUniqueRepresentation
behavior inherited fromManifoldSubset
would return the previously constructed object corresponding to these arguments)
EXAMPLES:
A 4-dimensional topological manifold (over \(\RR\)):
sage: M = Manifold(4, 'M', latex_name=r'\mathcal{M}', structure='topological') sage: M 4-dimensional topological manifold M sage: latex(M) \mathcal{M} sage: type(M) <class 'sage.manifolds.manifold.TopologicalManifold_with_category'> sage: M.base_field() Real Field with 53 bits of precision sage: dim(M) 4
The input parameter
start_index
defines the range of indices on the manifold:sage: M = Manifold(4, 'M', structure='topological') sage: list(M.irange()) [0, 1, 2, 3] sage: M = Manifold(4, 'M', structure='topological', start_index=1) sage: list(M.irange()) [1, 2, 3, 4] sage: list(Manifold(4, 'M', structure='topological', start_index=-2).irange()) [-2, -1, 0, 1]
A complex manifold:
sage: N = Manifold(3, 'N', structure='topological', field='complex'); N Complex 3-dimensional topological manifold N
A manifold over \(\QQ\):
sage: N = Manifold(6, 'N', structure='topological', field=QQ); N 6-dimensional topological manifold N over the Rational Field
A manifold over \(\QQ_5\), the field of 5-adic numbers:
sage: N = Manifold(2, 'N', structure='topological', field=Qp(5)); N 2-dimensional topological manifold N over the 5-adic Field with capped relative precision 20
A manifold is a Sage parent object, in the category of topological manifolds over a given topological field (see
Manifolds
):sage: isinstance(M, Parent) True sage: M.category() Category of manifolds over Real Field with 53 bits of precision sage: from sage.categories.manifolds import Manifolds sage: M.category() is Manifolds(RR) True sage: M.category() is Manifolds(M.base_field()) True sage: M in Manifolds(RR) True sage: N in Manifolds(Qp(5)) True
The corresponding Sage elements are points:
sage: X.<t, x, y, z> = M.chart() sage: p = M.an_element(); p Point on the 4-dimensional topological manifold M sage: p.parent() 4-dimensional topological manifold M sage: M.is_parent_of(p) True sage: p in M True
The manifold’s points are instances of class
ManifoldPoint
:sage: isinstance(p, sage.manifolds.point.ManifoldPoint) True
Since an open subset of a topological manifold \(M\) is itself a topological manifold, open subsets of \(M\) are instances of the class
TopologicalManifold
:sage: U = M.open_subset('U'); U Open subset U of the 4-dimensional topological manifold M sage: isinstance(U, sage.manifolds.manifold.TopologicalManifold) True sage: U.base_field() == M.base_field() True sage: dim(U) == dim(M) True sage: U.category() Join of Category of subobjects of sets and Category of manifolds over Real Field with 53 bits of precision
The manifold passes all the tests of the test suite relative to its category:
sage: TestSuite(M).run()
See also
-
atlas
()¶ Return the list of charts that have been defined on the manifold.
EXAMPLES:
Let us consider \(\RR^2\) as a 2-dimensional manifold:
sage: M = Manifold(2, 'R^2', structure='topological')
Immediately after the manifold creation, the atlas is empty, since no chart has been defined yet:
sage: M.atlas() []
Let us introduce the chart of Cartesian coordinates:
sage: c_cart.<x,y> = M.chart() sage: M.atlas() [Chart (R^2, (x, y))]
The complement of the half line \(\{y = 0, x \geq 0\}\):
sage: U = M.open_subset('U', coord_def={c_cart: (y!=0,x<0)}) sage: U.atlas() [Chart (U, (x, y))] sage: M.atlas() [Chart (R^2, (x, y)), Chart (U, (x, y))]
Spherical (polar) coordinates on
U
:sage: c_spher.<r, ph> = U.chart(r'r:(0,+oo) ph:(0,2*pi):\phi') sage: U.atlas() [Chart (U, (x, y)), Chart (U, (r, ph))] sage: M.atlas() [Chart (R^2, (x, y)), Chart (U, (x, y)), Chart (U, (r, ph))]
See also
-
base_field
()¶ Return the field on which the manifold is defined.
OUTPUT:
- a topological field
EXAMPLES:
sage: M = Manifold(3, 'M', structure='topological') sage: M.base_field() Real Field with 53 bits of precision sage: M = Manifold(3, 'M', structure='topological', field='complex') sage: M.base_field() Complex Field with 53 bits of precision sage: M = Manifold(3, 'M', structure='topological', field=QQ) sage: M.base_field() Rational Field
-
base_field_type
()¶ Return the type of topological field on which the manifold is defined.
OUTPUT:
- a string describing the field, with three possible values:
'real'
for the real field \(\RR\)'complex'
for the complex field \(\CC\)'neither_real_nor_complex'
for a field different from \(\RR\) and \(\CC\)
EXAMPLES:
sage: M = Manifold(3, 'M', structure='topological') sage: M.base_field_type() 'real' sage: M = Manifold(3, 'M', structure='topological', field='complex') sage: M.base_field_type() 'complex' sage: M = Manifold(3, 'M', structure='topological', field=QQ) sage: M.base_field_type() 'neither_real_nor_complex'
- a string describing the field, with three possible values:
-
chart
(coordinates='', names=None)¶ Define a chart, the domain of which is the manifold.
A chart is a pair \((U, \varphi)\), where \(U\) is the current manifold and \(\varphi: U \rightarrow V \subset K^n\) is a homeomorphism from \(U\) to an open subset \(V\) of \(K^n\), \(K\) being the field on which the manifold is defined.
The components \((x^1, \ldots, x^n)\) of \(\varphi\), defined by \(\varphi(p) = (x^1(p), \ldots, x^n(p)) \in K^n\) for any point \(p \in U\), are called the coordinates of the chart \((U, \varphi)\).
See
Chart
for a complete documentation.INPUT:
coordinates
– (default:''
(empty string)) string defining the coordinate symbols and ranges, see belownames
– (default:None
) unused argument, except ifcoordinates
is not provided; it must then be a tuple containing the coordinate symbols (this is guaranteed if the shortcut operator<,>
is used)
The coordinates declared in the string
coordinates
are separated by' '
(whitespace) and each coordinate has at most three fields, separated by a colon (':'
):- The coordinate symbol (a letter or a few letters).
- (optional, only for manifolds over \(\RR\)) The interval \(I\)
defining the coordinate range: if not provided, the coordinate
is assumed to span all \(\RR\); otherwise \(I\) must be provided
in the form
(a,b)
(or equivalently]a,b[
) The boundsa
andb
can be+/-Infinity
,Inf
,infinity
,inf
oroo
. For singular coordinates, non-open intervals such as[a,b]
and(a,b]
(or equivalently]a,b]
) are allowed. Note that the interval declaration must not contain any space character. - (optional) The LaTeX spelling of the coordinate; if not provided the coordinate symbol given in the first field will be used.
The order of the fields 2 and 3 does not matter and each of them can be omitted. If it contains any LaTeX expression, the string
coordinates
must be declared with the prefix ‘r’ (for “raw”) to allow for a proper treatment of the backslash character (see examples below). If no interval range and no LaTeX spelling is to be provided for any coordinate, the argumentcoordinates
can be omitted when the shortcut operator<,>
is used via Sage preparser (see examples below).OUTPUT:
EXAMPLES:
Chart on a 2-dimensional manifold:
sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='topological') sage: U = M.open_subset('U') sage: X = U.chart('x y'); X Chart (U, (x, y)) sage: X[0] x sage: X[1] y sage: X[:] (x, y)
The declared coordinates are not known at the global level:
sage: y Traceback (most recent call last): ... NameError: name 'y' is not defined
They can be recovered by the operator
[:]
applied to the chart:sage: (x, y) = X[:] sage: y y sage: type(y) <type 'sage.symbolic.expression.Expression'>
But a shorter way to proceed is to use the operator
<,>
in the left-hand side of the chart declaration (there is then no need to pass the string ‘x y’ to chart()):sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='topological') sage: U = M.open_subset('U') sage: X.<x,y> = U.chart(); X Chart (U, (x, y))
Indeed, the declared coordinates are then known at the global level:
sage: y y sage: (x,y) == X[:] True
Actually the instruction
X.<x,y> = U.chart()
is equivalent to the combination of the two instructionsX = U.chart('x y')
and(x,y) = X[:]
.See the documentation of class
Chart
for more examples, especially regarding the coordinates ranges and restrictions.
-
constant_scalar_field
(value, name=None, latex_name=None)¶ Define a constant scalar field on the manifold.
INPUT:
value
– constant value of the scalar field, either a numerical value or a symbolic expression not involving any chart coordinatesname
– (default:None
) name given to the scalar fieldlatex_name
– (default:None
) LaTeX symbol to denote the scalar field; ifNone
, the LaTeX symbol is set toname
OUTPUT:
- instance of
ScalarField
representing the scalar field whose constant value isvalue
EXAMPLES:
A constant scalar field on the 2-sphere:
sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='topological') # the 2-dimensional sphere S^2 sage: U = M.open_subset('U') # complement of the North pole sage: c_xy.<x,y> = U.chart() # stereographic coordinates from the North pole sage: V = M.open_subset('V') # complement of the South pole sage: c_uv.<u,v> = V.chart() # stereographic coordinates from the South pole sage: M.declare_union(U,V) # S^2 is the union of U and V sage: xy_to_uv = c_xy.transition_map(c_uv, (x/(x^2+y^2), y/(x^2+y^2)), ....: intersection_name='W', ....: restrictions1= x^2+y^2!=0, ....: restrictions2= u^2+v^2!=0) sage: uv_to_xy = xy_to_uv.inverse() sage: f = M.constant_scalar_field(-1) ; f Scalar field on the 2-dimensional topological manifold M sage: f.display() M --> R on U: (x, y) |--> -1 on V: (u, v) |--> -1
We have:
sage: f.restrict(U) == U.constant_scalar_field(-1) True sage: M.constant_scalar_field(0) is M.zero_scalar_field() True
See also
-
continuous_map
(codomain, coord_functions=None, chart1=None, chart2=None, name=None, latex_name=None)¶ Define a continuous map from
self
tocodomain
.INPUT:
codomain
–TopologicalManifold
; the map’s codomaincoord_functions
– (default:None
) if notNone
, must be either- (i) a dictionary of the coordinate expressions (as lists
(or tuples) of the coordinates of the image expressed in
terms of the coordinates of the considered point) with the
pairs of charts
(chart1, chart2)
as keys (chart1
being a chart onself
andchart2
a chart oncodomain
); - (ii) a single coordinate expression in a given pair of charts, the
latter being provided by the arguments
chart1
andchart2
;
in both cases, if the dimension of the codomain is \(1\), a single coordinate expression can be passed instead of a tuple with a single element
- (i) a dictionary of the coordinate expressions (as lists
(or tuples) of the coordinates of the image expressed in
terms of the coordinates of the considered point) with the
pairs of charts
chart1
– (default:None
; used only in case (ii) above) chart onself
defining the start coordinates involved incoord_functions
for case (ii); ifNone
, the coordinates are assumed to refer to the default chart ofself
chart2
– (default:None
; used only in case (ii) above) chart oncodomain
defining the target coordinates involved incoord_functions
for case (ii); ifNone
, the coordinates are assumed to refer to the default chart ofcodomain
name
– (default:None
) name given to the continuous maplatex_name
– (default:None
) LaTeX symbol to denote the continuous map; ifNone
, the LaTeX symbol is set toname
OUTPUT:
- the continuous map as an instance of
ContinuousMap
EXAMPLES:
A continuous map between an open subset of \(S^2\) covered by regular spherical coordinates and \(\RR^3\):
sage: M = Manifold(2, 'S^2', structure='topological') sage: U = M.open_subset('U') sage: c_spher.<th,ph> = U.chart(r'th:(0,pi):\theta ph:(0,2*pi):\phi') sage: N = Manifold(3, 'R^3', latex_name=r'\RR^3', structure='topological') sage: c_cart.<x,y,z> = N.chart() # Cartesian coord. on R^3 sage: Phi = U.continuous_map(N, (sin(th)*cos(ph), sin(th)*sin(ph), cos(th)), ....: name='Phi', latex_name=r'\Phi') sage: Phi Continuous map Phi from the Open subset U of the 2-dimensional topological manifold S^2 to the 3-dimensional topological manifold R^3
The same definition, but with a dictionary with pairs of charts as keys (case (i) above):
sage: Phi1 = U.continuous_map(N, ....: {(c_spher, c_cart): (sin(th)*cos(ph), sin(th)*sin(ph), cos(th))}, ....: name='Phi', latex_name=r'\Phi') sage: Phi1 == Phi True
The continuous map acting on a point:
sage: p = U.point((pi/2, pi)) ; p Point on the 2-dimensional topological manifold S^2 sage: Phi(p) Point on the 3-dimensional topological manifold R^3 sage: Phi(p).coord(c_cart) (-1, 0, 0) sage: Phi1(p) == Phi(p) True
TESTS:
sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='topological') sage: M.continuous_map(ZZ) Traceback (most recent call last): ... ValueError: Integer Ring is not a manifold over Real Field with 53 bits of precision
See also
See
ContinuousMap
for the complete documentation and more examples.Todo
Allow the construction of continuous maps from
self
to the base field (considered as a trivial 1-dimensional manifold).
-
coord_change
(chart1, chart2)¶ Return the change of coordinates (transition map) between two charts defined on the manifold.
The change of coordinates must have been defined previously, for instance by the method
transition_map()
.INPUT:
chart1
– chart 1chart2
– chart 2
OUTPUT:
- instance of
CoordChange
representing the transition map from chart 1 to chart 2
EXAMPLES:
Change of coordinates on a 2-dimensional manifold:
sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='topological') sage: c_xy.<x,y> = M.chart() sage: c_uv.<u,v> = M.chart() sage: c_xy.transition_map(c_uv, (x+y, x-y)) # defines the coord. change Change of coordinates from Chart (M, (x, y)) to Chart (M, (u, v)) sage: M.coord_change(c_xy, c_uv) # returns the coord. change defined above Change of coordinates from Chart (M, (x, y)) to Chart (M, (u, v))
-
coord_changes
()¶ Return the changes of coordinates (transition maps) defined on subsets of the manifold.
OUTPUT:
- dictionary of changes of coordinates, with pairs of charts as keys
EXAMPLES:
Various changes of coordinates on a 2-dimensional manifold:
sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='topological') sage: c_xy.<x,y> = M.chart() sage: c_uv.<u,v> = M.chart() sage: xy_to_uv = c_xy.transition_map(c_uv, [x+y, x-y]) sage: M.coord_changes() {(Chart (M, (x, y)), Chart (M, (u, v))): Change of coordinates from Chart (M, (x, y)) to Chart (M, (u, v))} sage: uv_to_xy = xy_to_uv.inverse() sage: M.coord_changes() # random (dictionary output) {(Chart (M, (u, v)), Chart (M, (x, y))): Change of coordinates from Chart (M, (u, v)) to Chart (M, (x, y)), (Chart (M, (x, y)), Chart (M, (u, v))): Change of coordinates from Chart (M, (x, y)) to Chart (M, (u, v))} sage: c_rs.<r,s> = M.chart() sage: uv_to_rs = c_uv.transition_map(c_rs, [-u+2*v, 3*u-v]) sage: M.coord_changes() # random (dictionary output) {(Chart (M, (u, v)), Chart (M, (r, s))): Change of coordinates from Chart (M, (u, v)) to Chart (M, (r, s)), (Chart (M, (u, v)), Chart (M, (x, y))): Change of coordinates from Chart (M, (u, v)) to Chart (M, (x, y)), (Chart (M, (x, y)), Chart (M, (u, v))): Change of coordinates from Chart (M, (x, y)) to Chart (M, (u, v))} sage: xy_to_rs = uv_to_rs * xy_to_uv sage: M.coord_changes() # random (dictionary output) {(Chart (M, (u, v)), Chart (M, (r, s))): Change of coordinates from Chart (M, (u, v)) to Chart (M, (r, s)), (Chart (M, (u, v)), Chart (M, (x, y))): Change of coordinates from Chart (M, (u, v)) to Chart (M, (x, y)), (Chart (M, (x, y)), Chart (M, (u, v))): Change of coordinates from Chart (M, (x, y)) to Chart (M, (u, v)), (Chart (M, (x, y)), Chart (M, (r, s))): Change of coordinates from Chart (M, (x, y)) to Chart (M, (r, s))}
-
default_chart
()¶ Return the default chart defined on the manifold.
Unless changed via
set_default_chart()
, the default chart is the first one defined on a subset of the manifold (possibly itself).OUTPUT:
- instance of
Chart
representing the default chart
EXAMPLES:
Default chart on a 2-dimensional manifold and on some subsets:
sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='topological') sage: M.chart('x y') Chart (M, (x, y)) sage: M.chart('u v') Chart (M, (u, v)) sage: M.default_chart() Chart (M, (x, y)) sage: A = M.open_subset('A') sage: A.chart('t z') Chart (A, (t, z)) sage: A.default_chart() Chart (A, (t, z))
- instance of
-
dim
()¶ Return the dimension of the manifold over its base field.
EXAMPLES:
sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='topological') sage: M.dimension() 2
A shortcut is
dim()
:sage: M.dim() 2
The Sage global function
dim
can also be used:sage: dim(M) 2
-
dimension
()¶ Return the dimension of the manifold over its base field.
EXAMPLES:
sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='topological') sage: M.dimension() 2
A shortcut is
dim()
:sage: M.dim() 2
The Sage global function
dim
can also be used:sage: dim(M) 2
-
get_chart
(coordinates, domain=None)¶ Get a chart from its coordinates.
The chart must have been previously created by the method
chart()
.INPUT:
coordinates
– single string composed of the coordinate symbols separated by a spacedomain
– (default:None
) string containing the name of the chart’s domain, which must be a subset of the current manifold; ifNone
, the current manifold is assumed
OUTPUT:
- instance of
Chart
(or of the subclassRealChart
) representing the chart corresponding to the above specifications
EXAMPLES:
sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='topological') sage: X.<x,y> = M.chart() sage: M.get_chart('x y') Chart (M, (x, y)) sage: M.get_chart('x y') is X True sage: U = M.open_subset('U', coord_def={X: (y!=0,x<0)}) sage: Y.<r, ph> = U.chart(r'r:(0,+oo) ph:(0,2*pi):\phi') sage: M.atlas() [Chart (M, (x, y)), Chart (U, (x, y)), Chart (U, (r, ph))] sage: M.get_chart('x y', domain='U') Chart (U, (x, y)) sage: M.get_chart('x y', domain='U') is X.restrict(U) True sage: U.get_chart('r ph') Chart (U, (r, ph)) sage: M.get_chart('r ph', domain='U') Chart (U, (r, ph)) sage: M.get_chart('r ph', domain='U') is Y True
-
global_options
(*args, **kwds)¶ Deprecated: Use
options()
instead. See trac ticket #18555 for details.
-
homeomorphism
(codomain, coord_functions=None, chart1=None, chart2=None, name=None, latex_name=None)¶ Define a homeomorphism between the current manifold and another one.
See
ContinuousMap
for a complete documentation.INPUT:
codomain
–TopologicalManifold
; codomain of the homeomorphismcoord_functions
– (default:None
) if notNone
, must be either- (i) a dictionary of the coordinate expressions (as lists
(or tuples) of the coordinates of the image expressed in
terms of the coordinates of the considered point) with the
pairs of charts
(chart1, chart2)
as keys (chart1
being a chart onself
andchart2
a chart oncodomain
); - (ii) a single coordinate expression in a given pair of charts, the
latter being provided by the arguments
chart1
andchart2
;
in both cases, if the dimension of the codomain is \(1\), a single coordinate expression can be passed instead of a tuple with a single element
- (i) a dictionary of the coordinate expressions (as lists
(or tuples) of the coordinates of the image expressed in
terms of the coordinates of the considered point) with the
pairs of charts
chart1
– (default:None
; used only in case (ii) above) chart onself
defining the start coordinates involved incoord_functions
for case (ii); ifNone
, the coordinates are assumed to refer to the default chart ofself
chart2
– (default:None
; used only in case (ii) above) chart oncodomain
defining the target coordinates involved incoord_functions
for case (ii); ifNone
, the coordinates are assumed to refer to the default chart ofcodomain
name
– (default:None
) name given to the homeomorphismlatex_name
– (default:None
) LaTeX symbol to denote the homeomorphism; ifNone
, the LaTeX symbol is set toname
OUTPUT:
- the homeomorphism, as an instance of
ContinuousMap
EXAMPLES:
Homeomorphism between the open unit disk in \(\RR^2\) and \(\RR^2\):
sage: forget() # for doctests only sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='topological') # the open unit disk sage: c_xy.<x,y> = M.chart('x:(-1,1) y:(-1,1)') # Cartesian coord on M sage: c_xy.add_restrictions(x^2+y^2<1) sage: N = Manifold(2, 'N', structure='topological') # R^2 sage: c_XY.<X,Y> = N.chart() # canonical coordinates on R^2 sage: Phi = M.homeomorphism(N, [x/sqrt(1-x^2-y^2), y/sqrt(1-x^2-y^2)], ....: name='Phi', latex_name=r'\Phi') sage: Phi Homeomorphism Phi from the 2-dimensional topological manifold M to the 2-dimensional topological manifold N sage: Phi.display() Phi: M --> N (x, y) |--> (X, Y) = (x/sqrt(-x^2 - y^2 + 1), y/sqrt(-x^2 - y^2 + 1))
The inverse homeomorphism:
sage: Phi^(-1) Homeomorphism Phi^(-1) from the 2-dimensional topological manifold N to the 2-dimensional topological manifold M sage: (Phi^(-1)).display() Phi^(-1): N --> M (X, Y) |--> (x, y) = (X/sqrt(X^2 + Y^2 + 1), Y/sqrt(X^2 + Y^2 + 1))
See the documentation of
ContinuousMap
for more examples.
-
identity_map
()¶ Identity map of
self
.The identity map of a topological manifold \(M\) is the trivial homeomorphism:
\[\begin{split}\begin{array}{cccc} \mathrm{Id}_M: & M & \longrightarrow & M \\ & p & \longmapsto & p \end{array}\end{split}\]OUTPUT:
- the identity map as an instance of
ContinuousMap
EXAMPLES:
Identity map of a complex manifold:
sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='topological', field='complex') sage: X.<x,y> = M.chart() sage: id = M.identity_map(); id Identity map Id_M of the Complex 2-dimensional topological manifold M sage: id.parent() Set of Morphisms from Complex 2-dimensional topological manifold M to Complex 2-dimensional topological manifold M in Category of manifolds over Complex Field with 53 bits of precision sage: id.display() Id_M: M --> M (x, y) |--> (x, y)
The identity map acting on a point:
sage: p = M((1+I, 3-I), name='p'); p Point p on the Complex 2-dimensional topological manifold M sage: id(p) Point p on the Complex 2-dimensional topological manifold M sage: id(p) == p True
See also
See
ContinuousMap
for the complete documentation.- the identity map as an instance of
-
index_generator
(nb_indices)¶ Generator of index series.
INPUT:
nb_indices
– number of indices in a series
OUTPUT:
- an iterable index series for a generic component with the specified number of indices
EXAMPLES:
Indices on a 2-dimensional manifold:
sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='topological', start_index=1) sage: list(M.index_generator(2)) [(1, 1), (1, 2), (2, 1), (2, 2)]
Loops can be nested:
sage: for ind1 in M.index_generator(2): ....: print("{} : {}".format(ind1, list(M.index_generator(2)))) (1, 1) : [(1, 1), (1, 2), (2, 1), (2, 2)] (1, 2) : [(1, 1), (1, 2), (2, 1), (2, 2)] (2, 1) : [(1, 1), (1, 2), (2, 1), (2, 2)] (2, 2) : [(1, 1), (1, 2), (2, 1), (2, 2)]
-
irange
(start=None)¶ Single index generator.
INPUT:
start
– (default:None
) initial value \(i_0\) of the index; if none are provided, the value returned bystart_index()
is assumed
OUTPUT:
- an iterable index, starting from \(i_0\) and ending at \(i_0 + n - 1\), where \(n\) is the manifold’s dimension
EXAMPLES:
Index range on a 4-dimensional manifold:
sage: M = Manifold(4, 'M', structure='topological') sage: list(M.irange()) [0, 1, 2, 3] sage: list(M.irange(2)) [2, 3]
Index range on a 4-dimensional manifold with starting index=1:
sage: M = Manifold(4, 'M', structure='topological', start_index=1) sage: list(M.irange()) [1, 2, 3, 4] sage: list(M.irange(2)) [2, 3, 4]
In general, one has always:
sage: next(M.irange()) == M.start_index() True
-
is_manifestly_coordinate_domain
()¶ Return
True
if the manifold is known to be the domain of some coordinate chart andFalse
otherwise.If
False
is returned, either the manifold cannot be the domain of some coordinate chart or no such chart has been declared yet.EXAMPLES:
sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='topological') sage: U = M.open_subset('U') sage: X.<x,y> = U.chart() sage: U.is_manifestly_coordinate_domain() True sage: M.is_manifestly_coordinate_domain() False sage: Y.<u,v> = M.chart() sage: M.is_manifestly_coordinate_domain() True
-
is_open
()¶ Return if
self
is an open set.In the present case (manifold or open subset of it), always return
True
.TEST:
sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='topological') sage: M.is_open() True
-
one_scalar_field
()¶ Return the constant scalar field with value the unit element of the base field of
self
.OUTPUT:
- a
ScalarField
representing the constant scalar field with value the unit element of the base field ofself
EXAMPLES:
sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='topological') sage: X.<x,y> = M.chart() sage: f = M.one_scalar_field(); f Scalar field 1 on the 2-dimensional topological manifold M sage: f.display() 1: M --> R (x, y) |--> 1 sage: f.parent() Algebra of scalar fields on the 2-dimensional topological manifold M sage: f is M.scalar_field_algebra().one() True
- a
-
open_subset
(name, latex_name=None, coord_def={})¶ Create an open subset of the manifold.
An open subset is a set that is (i) included in the manifold and (ii) open with respect to the manifold’s topology. It is a topological manifold by itself. Hence the returned object is an instance of
TopologicalManifold
.INPUT:
name
– name given to the open subsetlatex_name
– (default:None
) LaTeX symbol to denote the subset; if none are provided, it is set toname
coord_def
– (default: {}) definition of the subset in terms of coordinates;coord_def
must a be dictionary with keys charts on the manifold and values the symbolic expressions formed by the coordinates to define the subset
OUTPUT:
- the open subset, as an instance of
TopologicalManifold
EXAMPLES:
Creating an open subset of a 2-dimensional manifold:
sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='topological') sage: A = M.open_subset('A'); A Open subset A of the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
As an open subset of a topological manifold,
A
is itself a topological manifold, on the same topological field and of the same dimension asM
:sage: isinstance(A, sage.manifolds.manifold.TopologicalManifold) True sage: A.base_field() == M.base_field() True sage: dim(A) == dim(M) True sage: A.category() is M.category().Subobjects() True
Creating an open subset of
A
:sage: B = A.open_subset('B'); B Open subset B of the 2-dimensional topological manifold M
We have then:
sage: A.subsets() # random (set output) {Open subset B of the 2-dimensional topological manifold M, Open subset A of the 2-dimensional topological manifold M} sage: B.is_subset(A) True sage: B.is_subset(M) True
Defining an open subset by some coordinate restrictions: the open unit disk in \(\RR^2\):
sage: M = Manifold(2, 'R^2', structure='topological') sage: c_cart.<x,y> = M.chart() # Cartesian coordinates on R^2 sage: U = M.open_subset('U', coord_def={c_cart: x^2+y^2<1}); U Open subset U of the 2-dimensional topological manifold R^2
Since the argument
coord_def
has been set,U
is automatically provided with a chart, which is the restriction of the Cartesian one toU
:sage: U.atlas() [Chart (U, (x, y))]
Therefore, one can immediately check whether a point belongs to
U
:sage: M.point((0,0)) in U True sage: M.point((1/2,1/3)) in U True sage: M.point((1,2)) in U False
-
options
(*get_value, **set_value)¶ Sets and displays the options for manifolds. If no parameters are set, then the function returns a copy of the options dictionary.
The
options
to manifolds can be accessed as the methodManifold.options
.OPTIONS:
omit_function_arguments
– (default:False
) Determine if the arguments of symbolic functions are printedtextbook_output
– (default:True
) textbook-like output instead of the Pynac output for derivatives
EXAMPLES:
sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='topological') sage: X.<x,y> = M.chart() sage: g = function('g')(x, y)
For coordinate functions, the display is more “textbook” like:
sage: f = X.function(diff(g, x) + diff(g, y)) sage: f d(g)/dx + d(g)/dy sage: latex(f) \frac{\partial\,g}{\partial x} + \frac{\partial\,g}{\partial y}
One can switch to Pynac notation by changing
textbook_output
toFalse
:sage: Manifold.options.textbook_output=False sage: f D[0](g)(x, y) + D[1](g)(x, y) sage: latex(f) D[0]\left(g\right)\left(x, y\right) + D[1]\left(g\right)\left(x, y\right) sage: Manifold.options._reset()
If there is a clear understanding that \(u\) and \(v\) are functions of \((x,y)\), the explicit mention of the latter can be cumbersome in lengthy tensor expressions:
sage: f = X.function(function('u')(x, y) * function('v')(x, y)) sage: f u(x, y)*v(x, y)
We can switch it off by:
sage: M.options.omit_function_arguments=True sage: f u*v sage: M.options._reset()
See
GlobalOptions
for more features of these options.
-
scalar_field
(coord_expression=None, chart=None, name=None, latex_name=None)¶ Define a scalar field on the manifold.
See
ScalarField
(orDiffScalarField
if the manifold is differentiable) for a complete documentation.INPUT:
coord_expression
– (default:None
) coordinate expression(s) of the scalar field; this can be either- a single coordinate expression; if the argument
chart
is'all'
, this expression is set to all the charts defined on the open set; otherwise, the expression is set in the specific chart provided by the argumentchart
- a dictionary of coordinate expressions, with the charts as keys
- a single coordinate expression; if the argument
chart
– (default:None
) chart defining the coordinates used incoord_expression
when the latter is a single coordinate expression; ifNone
, the default chart of the open set is assumed; ifchart=='all'
,coord_expression
is assumed to be independent of the chart (constant scalar field)name
– (default:None
) name given to the scalar fieldlatex_name
– (default:None
) LaTeX symbol to denote the scalar field; ifNone
, the LaTeX symbol is set toname
If
coord_expression
isNone
or does not fully specified the scalar field, other coordinate expressions can be added subsequently by means of the methodsadd_expr()
,add_expr_by_continuation()
, orset_expr()
OUTPUT:
- instance of
ScalarField
(or of the subclassDiffScalarField
if the manifold is differentiable) representing the defined scalar field
EXAMPLES:
A scalar field defined by its coordinate expression in the open set’s default chart:
sage: M = Manifold(3, 'M', structure='topological') sage: U = M.open_subset('U') sage: c_xyz.<x,y,z> = U.chart() sage: f = U.scalar_field(sin(x)*cos(y) + z, name='F'); f Scalar field F on the Open subset U of the 3-dimensional topological manifold M sage: f.display() F: U --> R (x, y, z) |--> cos(y)*sin(x) + z sage: f.parent() Algebra of scalar fields on the Open subset U of the 3-dimensional topological manifold M sage: f in U.scalar_field_algebra() True
Equivalent definition with the chart specified:
sage: f = U.scalar_field(sin(x)*cos(y) + z, chart=c_xyz, name='F') sage: f.display() F: U --> R (x, y, z) |--> cos(y)*sin(x) + z
Equivalent definition with a dictionary of coordinate expression(s):
sage: f = U.scalar_field({c_xyz: sin(x)*cos(y) + z}, name='F') sage: f.display() F: U --> R (x, y, z) |--> cos(y)*sin(x) + z
See the documentation of class
ScalarField
for more examples.
-
scalar_field_algebra
()¶ Return the algebra of scalar fields defined the manifold.
See
ScalarFieldAlgebra
for a complete documentation.OUTPUT:
- instance of
ScalarFieldAlgebra
representing the algebra \(C^0(U)\) of all scalar fields defined on \(U\) =self
EXAMPLES:
Scalar algebra of a 3-dimensional open subset:
sage: M = Manifold(3, 'M', structure='topological') sage: U = M.open_subset('U') sage: CU = U.scalar_field_algebra() ; CU Algebra of scalar fields on the Open subset U of the 3-dimensional topological manifold M sage: CU.category() Category of commutative algebras over Symbolic Ring sage: CU.zero() Scalar field zero on the Open subset U of the 3-dimensional topological manifold M
The output is cached:
sage: U.scalar_field_algebra() is CU True
- instance of
-
set_default_chart
(chart)¶ Changing the default chart on
self
.INPUT:
chart
– a chart (must be defined on some subsetself
)
EXAMPLES:
Charts on a 2-dimensional manifold:
sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='topological') sage: c_xy.<x,y> = M.chart() sage: c_uv.<u,v> = M.chart() sage: M.default_chart() Chart (M, (x, y)) sage: M.set_default_chart(c_uv) sage: M.default_chart() Chart (M, (u, v))
-
start_index
()¶ Return the first value of the index range used on the manifold.
This is the parameter
start_index
passed at the construction of the manifold.OUTPUT:
- the integer \(i_0\) such that all indices of indexed objects on the manifold range from \(i_0\) to \(i_0 + n - 1\), where \(n\) is the manifold’s dimension
EXAMPLES:
sage: M = Manifold(3, 'M', structure='topological') sage: M.start_index() 0 sage: M = Manifold(3, 'M', structure='topological', start_index=1) sage: M.start_index() 1
-
top_charts
()¶ Return the list of charts defined on subsets of the current manifold that are not subcharts of charts on larger subsets.
OUTPUT:
- list of charts defined on open subsets of the manifold but not on larger subsets
EXAMPLES:
Charts on a 2-dimensional manifold:
sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='topological') sage: X.<x,y> = M.chart() sage: U = M.open_subset('U', coord_def={X: x>0}) sage: Y.<u,v> = U.chart() sage: M.top_charts() [Chart (M, (x, y)), Chart (U, (u, v))]
Note that the (user) atlas contains one more chart:
(U, (x,y))
, which is not a “top” chart:sage: M.atlas() [Chart (M, (x, y)), Chart (U, (x, y)), Chart (U, (u, v))]
See also
atlas()
for the complete list of charts defined on the manifold.
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zero_scalar_field
()¶ Return the zero scalar field defined on
self
.OUTPUT:
- a
ScalarField
representing the constant scalar field with value \(0\)
EXAMPLES:
sage: M = Manifold(2, 'M', structure='topological') sage: X.<x,y> = M.chart() sage: f = M.zero_scalar_field() ; f Scalar field zero on the 2-dimensional topological manifold M sage: f.display() zero: M --> R (x, y) |--> 0 sage: f.parent() Algebra of scalar fields on the 2-dimensional topological manifold M sage: f is M.scalar_field_algebra().zero() True
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